Abstract:

Aim: was to identify relationship between risk factors (RF) and severity of coronary artery (CA) defeat in patients, hospitalized with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), without the presence of ishemic heart disease (IHD) earlier.

Materials and methods: the research includes 201 patients, who were hospitalized to N.V Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Medicine from february 2011 to apri 2012 with the diagnosis «ACS». Main criteria of patients selection was the absence of IHD clinics in past. All patients underwent coronarography, obtained data was fixed in data base. At the time of arrival to hospital - risk factors were determined. To identify relationship between RF and CA defeat - statistic analyzes were made: the number of defeated CA (1,2 or 3); severity of CA defeat was measured with Syntax Score (SS) Scale (<22 and >22 points); praesence or absence of acute occlusion of CA of infarction zone.

Results: research consisted of 149 male (74,1%) and 52(25,9%) female, mean age of all patients was 56,6±10,6 yrs. ACS with elevation of ST-segment was diagnosed in 136 (67,7%) of patients. Haemodynamic significant stenosis (HSS) of 1, 2 or 3 CA were found in 56 (27,9%), 61 (30,4%) and 64 (30,8%) respectively In 20 (10%) patients - there was no HSS. Acute thrombotic occlusion (ATO) in myocardial infarction related(MI-related) CA was revealed in 146 (72,6%) of patients. It was noted, tht such RF as arterial hypertention (AH), smoking, low physical activity (LPA), was more spread with increasing numer of defeated CA. Patients with lot of defeated CA, were older, had higher figures of systolic arterial pressure (SAP). After examination and primary analysis, only age and number of RF had independent relation with prevalence of CA defeat. Patients with SS >22 points in comparison with patients <22 points, had higher AP, obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM), and more ofted had lack of fruits and vegetables. Also they were older had higher SAP, more RF. Analysis showed that only AH, DM, and age had independent relation with savere CA defeat (Syntax Score >22 points). Patients with ATO of CA, had higher such RF as smoking, LPA, DM. They also had more RF. After analysis - smoking and LPA were independently connected with ATO.

Conclution: such RF as age, AH, DM, LPA and number of combined RF in patient can have independent relation with volume and prevalence of CA defeat. Smoking and LPA can have relation with ATO, with clinics of ST-elevated ACS and macrofocal MI. Obtained data show necessity of inlarged reseach for a broad understanding og RF in connection with coronary atherosclerosis and thrombosis. All that can increase effectiveness of treatment and prophylaxis of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

References

1.     Ford E.S., Ajani U.A., Croft J.B., et al. Explaining the decrease in U.S. deaths from coronary disease, 19802000. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007; 356: 2388-2398.

2.     Kesteloot H., Sans S., Kromhout D., Dynamics of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in Western and  Eastern Europe between 1970 and 2000. Eur. Heart. J. 2006; 27: 107-113.

3.     Беленков Ю.Н., Оганов РГ. Кардиология. Национальное руководство. Геотар-медиа. 2007: 37-52. Belenkov Ju.N., Oganov R.G.; Kardiologija. Nacional'noe rukovodstvo [Cardiology. National recommendations.] Geotar-mediaju. 2007: 37-52 [In Russ].

4.     John G. Canto, Catarina I. Kiefe., William J. Rogers., Eric D. Peterson, et al. Number of Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors and Mortality in Patients With First Myocardial Infarction JAMA, November 16, 2011: Vol 306, No.19.)

5.     Kappetein A.P, Feldman T.E., Mack M.J., et al. Comparison of coronary bypass surgery with drug-eluting stenting for the treatment of left main and/or three-vessel disease: 3-year follow-up of the SYNTAX trial. Eur. Heart J. 2011;32: 2125-2134.

6.     Frederick G. Kushner, Mary Hand, Sidney C. Smith, Jr, Spencer B. King, et al. 2009 Focused Updates: ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (Updating the 2004 Guideline and 2007 Focused Update) and ACC/AHA/SCAI Guidelines on Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (Updating the 2005 Guideline and 2007 Focused Update): A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2009;54;2205-2241; originally published online Nov 18, 2009; doi: 10.1016/ j.jacc.2009.10.015.

7.     Голощапов-Аксенов РС., Жамгырчиев Ш.Т., Терновых М.В., Лебедев А.В., Обидин А.В. Рентгенохирургия в комплексном лечении больных острым инфарктом миокарда с множественным атеросклеротическим поражением коронарных артерий. Диагностическая и интервенционная радиология. 2010; 4(2): 21-28. Goloshhapov-Aksenov R.S., Zhamgyrchiev Sh.T., Ternovyh M.V., Lebedev A.V., Obidin A.V. Rentgenohirurgija v kompleksnom lechenii bol'nyh ostrym infarktom miokarda s mnozhestvennym ateroskleroticheskim porazheniem koronarnyh arterij [Endovascular surgery in complex treatment in patients with acure myocardial infarction with multivessel coronary defeat.]. Diagnosticheskaja i intervencionnaja radiologija. 2010; 4(2): 21-28 [In Russ].

8.     Kennelly B.M., Gersh B.J., Lane G.K., Beck W. The relationship between angiographic findings and risk factors in young men with myocardial infarction. S. Afr. Med. J. 1982; 61(14): 508-512.

9.     Ryczek R., Dziuk M., Zagrodzka M., et al. Clinical and angiographic correlates of coronary calcium scoring in multislice computed tomography (MSCT). Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn. 2005; 113(3): 207-212.

10.   Koliaki С., Sanidas E., Dalianis N., Panagiotakos D., et al. Relationship Between Established Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Specific Coronary Angiographic Findings in a Large Cohort of Greek Catheterized Patients. Angiology. 2011; 62(1): 74-80

11.   Jin Z., Zhang Y, Chen J., et al. Study of the correlation between blood lipid levels and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis in a Chinese population sample. Acta Cardiol. 2006; 61(6): 603-606.

12.   Gensini G.G. The coronary artery disease scoring and retrrieval system. In: Gensini GG, ed. Coronary arteriography. Mount Kisco, New York: Futura Publishing Co.; 1975: 271-274. 

13.   Ning X.H., Xiang X.P, Lu N., et al. Relation of risk factors to coronary artery stenosis severity in coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. Zhonghua YiXue Za Zhi. 2008; 88(18): 1267-1269

14.   Wang X.L., Tam C., McCredie R.M., Wilcken D.E. Determinants of severity of coronary artery disease in Australian men and women. Circulation. 1994; 89(5): 1974-1981.

15.   Saleem T., Mohammad K.H., Abdel-Fattah M.M., Abbasi A.H. Association of glycosylated haemoglobin level and diabetes mellitus duration with the severity of coronary artery disease. Diab. Vasc. Dis. Res. 2008; 5(3): 184-189.

16.   Zornitzki T., Ayzenberg O., Gandelman G., et al. Diabetes, but not the metabolic syndrome, predicts the severity and extent of coronary artery disease in women. QJM. 2007; 100(9): 575-581.

17.   Mehta L., Devlin W., McCulloughPA., et al. Impact of body mass index on outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 2007; 99(7): 906-910.

18.   Rubinshtein R., Halon D.A., Jaffe R., Shahla J., Lewis B.S. Relation between obesity and severity of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Am. J. Cardiol. 2006; 97(9): 1277-1280.

19.   Phillips S.D., Roberts W.C. Comparison of body mass index among patients with versus without angiographic coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 2007; 100(1): 18-22.

20.   Wessel T.R., Arant C.B., Olson M.B., et al. Relationship of physical fitness vs body mass index with coronary artery disease and cardiovascular events in women. JAMA. 2004; 292(10): 1179-1187

21.   Niraj A., Pradhan J., Fakhry H., Veeranna V., Afonso L. Severity of coronary artery disease in obese patients undergoing coronaroangiography: «obesity paradox» revisited. Clin. Cardiol. 2007; 30(8): 391-396.

22.   O’Callaghan PA., Fitzgerald A., Fogarty J., et al. New and old cardiovascular risk factors: C-reactive protein, homocysteine, cysteine and von Willebrand factor increase risk, especially in smokers. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 2005; 12(6): 542-547

23.   Peer A., Falkensammer G., Alber H., et al. Limited utilities of N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT- pro BNP) and other newer risk markers compared with traditional risk factors for prediction of significant angiographic lesions in stable coronary artery disease. Heart. 2009; 95(4): 297-303.

24.   AHA. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2008 update. American Heart Association. Availableat: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml? identifier 3000090. Accessed February 18, 2009.

25.   Nemetz PN., Roger V.L., Ransom J.E., Bailey K.R., Edwards W.D., Leibson C.L. Recent trends in the prevalence of coronary disease: a population-based autopsy study of non natural deaths. Arch. Intern. Med. 2008; 168: 264 -270

26.   Roger V.L., Go A.S., Lloyd-Jones D.M., Adams R.J., Berry J.D., et al. American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2011 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011; 123: 18-209.

27.   Virmani R., Kolodgie F.D., Burke A.P, Farb A., Schwartz S.M. Lessons from sudden coronary death: a comprehensive morphological classification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2000; 20: 1262-1275

28.   El-Menyar A., Zubaid M., Shehab A., Bulbanat B., et al. Prevalence and Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Patients Presenting With Acute Coronary Syndrome in the Middle East Clin. Cardiol. 2011; 34, 1, 51-58