Abstract:

Introduction: pathological tortuosity of internal carotid arteries (ICA) is widespread; its frequency in population varies within 18-34%. Currently, there are several approaches for the determination of indications for surgical intervention in pathological ICA tortuosity. The main criteria are hemodynamic changes in the arterial flow and the presence of neurological symptoms, so an informative preoperative examination is an integral part in treatment strategy determination in patients' subsequent treatment.

Aim: was to estimate the condition of carotid arteries and substance of the brain in isolated pathological tortuosity and in combination with stenotic lesions, based on results of CT angiography.

Materials and methods: we analyzed results of examination and treatment of 70 patients. Ultrasound and CT angiography of brachiocephalic arteries were performed on a Philips iCT 256-slice multislice computed tomograph. During CT angiography, a non-contrast study, arterial and venous phases of contrast enhancement were performed with an intravenous bolus injection of 50.0 ml of isoosmolar iodinated contrast-agent at 4-5 ml/sec.

Patients were divided into two groups: patients with isolated pathological carotid tortuosity (28 pts) and patients with a combination of carotid tortuosity and stenotic lesions (42 pts). We assessed the effect of carotid tortuosity on the severity of the brain tissue alterations using statistical analysis.

Results: a lesser severity of changes in the substance of the brain was noted in patients in the group with isolated pathological tortuosity of ICA. In 9 cases, we did not detect focal lesions; in 15 cases, small foci of microangiopathy and individual cerebrospinal fluid cysts were noted, in 4 patients, we noted areas and zones of cystic-glial changes. S- and C-shaped deformation became the most frequent variants of tortuosity; the formation of 3 saccular aneurysms (two true and one false) was revealed.

Manifestations of ischemic damage of the brain substance in the group of patients with a combination of ICA tortuosity and stenotic lesion were more pronounced. Thus, in 11 cases, zones and areas of cystic-glial changes were determined within the framework of past cerebrovascular accidents; in 20 patients, foci of microangiopathy expressed in varying degrees, as well as individual cerebrospinal fluid cysts, were noted. In 11 cases, no focal lesions were detected in the brain.

Statistical processing showed a correlation between the condition of carotid arteries and the presence of focal brain damage - in the group with combination of pathological tortuosity and stenosis of ICA, more pronounced chronic ischemic brain damage was detected (p=0,012).

Conclusion: CT-angiography was noted to be highly informative in assessment of condition of carotid arteries and brain substance in patients with isolated pathological tortuosity, as well as in combination with a stenotic lesion of internal carotid arteries. With a combination of pathological tortuosity and a stenosis in internal carotid arteries, data were obtained on a more pronounced damage of the brain substance. According to computed tomography, clinical manifestations of chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency were generally more pronounced compared to changes in the brain substance. However, there was a correlation between the increase in the degree of chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency and the aggravation of the state of the brain substance.

Abstract:

Introduction: currently, chemoradiation therapy is widely used as the main method of specific treatment for locally advanced head and neck cancer. Previously it was believed that radiation damage of carotid arteries occurs only several years after treatment.

Material and methods: article presents two case reports of internal carotid artery stenosis which arose directly during the course of chemoradiation of head and neck malignant tumors. In the first case, patient K., 54 years old, had laryngeal cancer (stage III: T3N1M0), in the second case, patient M., 40 years old, had tongue cancer (stage I: T1N0M0).

Conlusion: article presents angiographically confirmed carotid artery stenosis arisen directly during chemoradiation and in early stages after its completion. The discussion presents data on the incidence of stenosing lesions of carotid arteries, cerebrovascular events among patients undergoing radiation therapy. It is necessary to draw attention of specialists to the problem of early stenosis of carotid arteries during radiation and chemoradiation therapy of head and neck tumors.

Abstract:

Introduction: about 200 million people in the world suffer from ischemia of lower limbs. This pathology occupies a large part in the structure of all lesions of the vascular bed. Most patients with lesions of lower limb arteries have critical lower limb ischemia (CLLI), which is characterized by pain at rest and/or trophic lesions of foot. CLLI is the final stage of lower limb vascular bed lesion and is always accompanied by a deterioration in the quality of life, high morbidity and mortality. The only effective way to treat this pathology is revascularization, however, the current lack of clinical data does not allow us to determine the optimal strategy in treatment of this pathology.

Aim: was to determine advantages and disadvantages of using various methods of lower limb revascularization.

Material and methods: literature data from information aggregators Cyberleninka, Pubmed and MEDLINE on this topic, published in Russian and English for the period from 2010 to 2021, were selected for analysis. Articles written in German and French were included in the study in case of available translation to English. Termins as an inclusion criteria: critical limb ischaemia, ischaemic pain, tissue loss, gangrene, hybrid intervention, open surgical recanalization, endovascular revascularization, claudication, stenosis.

Results: it is determined that revascularization by open surgery showed better long-term results, however, it cannot be recommended for patients with severe comorbid diseases and defeat of lower limb and foot arteries, while endovascular revascularization techniques allow the procedure to be performed in almost all patients, regardless of the severity of their somatic status, however, extended multilevel lesions are poorly amenable to this method of treatment, and also have a relatively lower patency in the long-term period. Hybrid interventions combine advantages of both methods, however, they have high requirements for the equipment of the medical institution and the qualifications of the staff. In addition, hybrid methods are also more dangerous for the patient in comparison with revascularization by endovascular methods.

Abstract:

Introduction: the problem of restenosis prevention and its early detection is very important in patients who underwent coronary intervention with bare-metal stent (BMS) implantation in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). But when is it necessary to perform elective coronary angiography in order not to miss possible restenosis development? This question needs to be answered.

Aim: was to define the correct period to perform elective coronary angiography after bare-metal stent implantation in acute coronary syndrome.

Material and methods: the study included 124 patients who underwent coronary intervention with BMS implantation in ACS, in period of 1-14 months before current admission. All patients included in this study had indications for repeating coronary angiography and were diagnosed hemodynamically relevant in-stent restenosis. No risk factors of restenosis were revealed at these patients.

Results: average time of restenosis detection was 7,9±1,99 months. Average percent of restenosis among all included patients was 68,6±13,1%. We also revealed direct correlation of percent of restenosis with time of restenosis detection (r=0,5785, p <0,05). Correlation between time and percentage of restenosis and stent type or TIMI grade, was also estimated in this study.

Conclusion: according to results of our study, there are good reasons to repeat coronary angiography in 7-9 month after BMS implantation in ACS, even if patients have no risk factors of restenosis.

References

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2.     Buccheri D, Piraino D, Andolina G, Cortese B. Understanding and managing in-stent restenosis: a review of clinical data, from pathogenesis to treatment. J Thorac Dis. 2016; 8(10): 1150-1162.

3.     Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, et al. ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2017; 39(2): 119-177.

4.     Cortese B, Berti S, Biondi-Zoccai G, et al. Italian Society of Interventional Cardiology. Drug-coated balloon treatment of coronary artery disease: a position paper of the Italian Society of Interventional Cardiology. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2014; 83(3): 427-35.

5.     Alfonso F, Byrne RA, Rivero F, Kastrati A. Current treatment of in-stent restenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014; 63(24): 2659-73.

6.     Agostoni P, Valgimigli M, Biondi-Zoccai GG, et al. Clinical effectiveness of bare-metal stenting compared with balloon angioplasty in total coronary occlusions: insights from a systematic overview of randomized trials in light of the drug-eluting stent era. Am Heart J. 2006; 151(3): 682-9.

7.     Goncharov AI, Kokov LS, Likharev AYu. Otsenka effektivnosti stentirovaniya koronarnyh arterij razlichnymi tipami stentov u bol'nyh IBS. Mezhdunarodnyj zhurnal intervencionnoj kardioangiologii. 2009; 19: 23-24 [In Russ].

Abstract:

Aim: was to elucidate factors of poor prognosis for chronic brain ischemia in «asymptomatic» patients with atherosclerotic stenosis of vertebral arteries, who regularly take optimal medical therapy.

Methods: in 1st group (n = 44), secondary prevention of cerebrovascular accidents was carried out in a combined strategy - stenting of vertebral arteries in combination with medication therapy, and in 2nd group (n = 56) - only medication therapy. Long-term follow-up was planned after 12, 24 and 36 months. Inclusion criteria: «asymptomatic» patients with stenosis of vertebral arteries 50-95%; diameter of vertebral arteries is not less than 3.0 and not more than 5 mm; presence of cerebral and focal symptoms corresponding to the initial (asymptomatic) stage of chronic brain ischemia (according to E.V. Schmidt). Primary endpoint: total frequency of cardiovascular complications (death, transient ischemic attack or stroke, myocardial infarction).

Results: the total frequency of major cerebral complications over 36 months of follow-up was 4.5% in group 1 and 37.5% in group II (? ²=15.101; p<0.0001). The frequency of cardiac events was 9.1 and 19.6%, respectively, to 1st and 2nd groups (? ²=14.784; p<0.0001). These indicators were obtained against the background of high patient adherence to treatment and high rates of achieving tough target lipid values. Restenosis of stents was observed in general, in 38.67% of patients from group I. Moreover, restenosis alone did not affect the incidence of major cerebral complications in the long-term period (? ²=0.1643; p=0.735). Most significant poor prognosis factors of chronic brain ischemia in «asymptomatic» patients with vertebral artery stenosis, who regularly take optimal medical therapy are: arrhythmia, total cholesterol more than 6.0 mmol/l, incomplete circle of Willis, arterial hypertension, bilateral defeat of vertebral arteries, (low-density lipoprotein) LDL levels of more than 3.5 mmol/I, combined lesion of vertebral and carotid arteries, calcification of vertebral arteries, coronary heart disease in anamnesis.

Conclusion: endovascular intervention in combination with medical therapy could help to avoid the development of major brain complications arising from the instability of atherosclerotic plaque in «asymptomatic» patients with vertebral artery stenosis, and in the presence of poor prognosis factors identified can be regarded as a method of secondary prevention of cerebral circulatory disorders.

References 

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16.   Shao JX, Ling YA, Du HP, et al. Comparison of hemodynamic changes and prognosis between stenting and standardized medical treatment in patients with symptomatic moderate to severe vertebral artery origin stenosis. M edicine(Baltimore). 2019;98( 13): e14899.

http://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000014899

Abstract:

Aim: was to develop a compleх ultrasound assessment of atherosclerotic plaque instability in correlation with morphological evaluation.

Material and methods: research included 121 patients with stenosis of left/right internal carotic artery (ICA) of 50% and more (due to NASCET scale): 80 men and 41 women, mean age 56,0 years. All patients underwent standart and contrast-enhanced ultrasonic scanning (CEUS), bilateral duplex monitoring of cerebral blood flow with registration of microembolic signals (MES). All patients in period up to 3 days after hospitalization - underwent carotid endarterectomy with histological examination of atheroscleroitc plaque.

Results: analysis of relationship between ultrasound and histological characteristics showed a moderate association between the intensity of contrast agent accumulation and the degree of plaque vascularization (Cramer's V 0,529; p<<0,000;) number of lipofages (Cramer's V 0,569; p<<0,001). There were no significant differences between the degree of plaque vascularization and the degree of plaque stenosis (p<0,05). We revealed significant differences between the number of MES and the intensity of atherosclerotic plaque blood supply (<<0,001).

Discussions: intensive accumulation of contrast agent in a plaque is associated with the process of angiogenesis and inflammation, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound examination of the plaque is promising for assessing its instability and the possible risk of developing cerebral vascular complications. Neovascularization intensity detected by contrast-enhanced ultrasound is associated with the number of detected microparticles in the cerebral blood flow, and does not depend on the degree of stenosis.

Conclusions: method of comprehensive assessment using CEUS and Doppler detection of microembolic particles can be effective in stratifying the risk of possible ischemic stroke in asymptomatic patients, for optimizing indications for surgical treatment of atherosclerotic plaque, and evaluating the effectiveness of lipid-lowering and statin therapy.

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Abstract:

A 57-year-old woman was on the waiting list of Orthotopic Liver Transplantation (OLT) due to cirrhosis of viral etiology MSCT with contrast enhancement showed two aneurysms of the splenic artery, stenosis of the celiac trunk with aneurysm of the pancreaticoduodenal artery Taking into account asymptomatic course, we decided to eradicate vascular changes during the forthcoming OLT OLT performed 6 month later, was technically difficult and complicated by massive blood loss and episodes of unstable hemodynamics, so surgical correction of aneurysms was not performed because of high risk. The patient was well and asymptomatic for 2 years after the OLT, but then she developed abdominal pain. MSCT showed progression of vascular changes. Successful endovascular treatment included celiac trunk stenting and embolization of aneurysms. 

References

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Abstract:

Background: article presents a case of 11-month-old baby weighing 6,590, with phenomena of circulatory decompensation, and non-standard hybrid intervention using retroperitoneal open access to the infrarenal aorta - stent implantation with the potential for increasing its diameter as the child grows

Materials and methods: the patient underwent examination - echocardiography (Echo-CG), multispiral computed tomography (MSCT), angiography Indication for the operation was the restenosis of the distal aortic anastomosis after the stage-by-stage surgical correction of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (Norwood procedure). This tactic was chosen taking into account the extremely high risk of re-surgery, as well as the impossibility of stent implantation with the potential for increasing the diameter through access to the femoral artery (body weight of the child is 6.6 kg). The patient underwent stenting of restenosis of the distal aortic anastomosis through retroperitoneal open access to the infrarenal aorta.

Results: good early postoperative period, against the background of disaggregant therapy (aspirin 5 mg/kg per day) and antibiotic therapy In control echocardiography (Echo-CG), the systolic pressure gradient in the stent implantation zone is 22 mm hg. The patient was discharged to an outpatient stage, followed by examination after 6 months and possible re-intervention (stent dilatation with a larger diameter balloon) as the pressure gradient rises as the child grows. Proposed hybrid approach in a child 11 months with a body weight of 6,590 kg allowed to avoid the risk of re-surgery in conditions of circulatory arrest and demonstrated a satisfactory angiographic and clinical result.

Conclusion: stenting of restenosis in distal aortic anastomosis using retroperitoneal access can be considered as a surgery of choice in specialized centers.

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15.    Pursanov M.G., Svobodov A.A., Levchenko E.G. et. al. New Approach for Hybrid Stenting of the Aortic Arch in Low Weight Children. Structural Heart Disease. 2017;(3)5:147-151.

16.    Dorfer C., Standhardt H., Gruber A., et. al. Direct Percutaneous Puncture Approach versus Surgical Cutdiwon Technique for Intracranial Neuroendovascular Procedures: Technical Aspects. World Neurosur. 2012; 77(1): 192-200.

17.    Chakrabati S., Kenny D., Morgan G. et. al. Balloon expandable stent implantation for native and recurrent coarctation of the aorta - prospective computed tomography assessment of stent integrity, aneurysm formation and stenosis relief. Heart. 2010; 96 (15): 1212-6.

18.    Davenport J.J., Lam L., Whalen-Glass R., et. al. The successful use of alternative routes of vascular access for performing pediatric interventional cardiac catheterization. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2008; 72 (3): 392-8.

19.    Sivanandam, S., Mackey-Bojack S.M., Moller J.H. Pathology of the aortic arch in hypoplastic left heart syndrome: surgical implications. PediatrCardiol. 2011; 32: 189-192.

20.    Hammel J.M., Duncan K.F., Danford D.A. et.al. Two- stage biventricular rehabilitation for critical aortic stenosis with severe left ventricular dysfunction. Eur. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2012; 1-6.

21.    Alekyan B.G. X-ray endovascular surgery. National Guidelines. M: Litterra. 2017; 1: 247-262 [In Russ].

22.    Feltes T.F., Bacha E., Beekman R.H. et al. Indications for cardiac catheterization and intervention in pediatric cardiac disease. А scientific statement from the Am. Heart Association. Circulation. 2011: 7;123(22): 2607-52.

Abstract:

Introduction: for assessment of the significance of coronary artery stenosis, it is necessary to determine the minimum area of the residual square of the vessel lumen (VLRS) that can provide adequate blood flow to myocardial needs. This value is called «threshold» or «borderline». Numerous studies on this issue using modern intravascular and isotope techniques, randomized clinical trials have shown that the values of the «borderline» value of VLRS for proximal coronary arteries are within 3-4 mml. According to the literature, the angiographic method for assessing the severity of stenosis is not sufficiently informative and unreliable. In this article, a combination of coronary angiography with use of balloon catheter is proposed, that allows to eliminate disadvantages of the angiographic method in solving the task is shown.

Aim: was to investigate possibilities of the method of determining the VLRS of coronary artery (CA) in the stenosis region and to assess its hemodynamic significance based on coronary angiography (CG) using a balloon catheter

Materials and methods: the essence of the proposed approach is the obstruction of the artery at the site of stenosis with a balloon catheter with a known cross-sectional area; the VLRS value in this case is equal to or smaller than the area of the balloon catheter. In case of obstruction of the artery by balloon catheter with a transverse area up to 4 mm2, stenosis was considered to be hemodynamically significant and revascularization was recommended; with preserved intensive blood flow, stenosis is considered hemodynamically insignificant.

Results: angiogram evaluation was performed in 120 patients with IHD with «intermediate» stenoses of proximal coronary arteries (from 40 to 70%) using the described technique. In 84% of cases, VLRS was estimated at 3,14 mm2 or less; in 8% of the VLRL was 3,86 mm2 or less. In such areas of coronary arteries, stenosis was considered hemodynamically significant. These patients underwent revascularization of the myocardium - balloon angioplasty and stenting of the coronary artery In 8% of cases, VLRS was more than 4 mm2, coronary stenosis in such cases was recognized as hemodynamically insignificant, and endovascular treatment was not performed in these patients.

Conclusion: the proposed approach for assessment of the area of the residual square of coronary artery lumen at the site of constriction provides an opportunity for an optimal choice of treatment tactics. 

References 

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Abstract:

The aim of the study was to define the factors, having influence to results of repeated percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) such as isolated balloon angioplasty (BA) and BA in combination with rotational atherectomy (RA), used for treatment of stenosis inside stented segments of coronary arteries. 133 patients, submitted to repeated PCI due to development of stenosis in the stented coronary segments, were included in the study. Clinical and angiographic data were registered three times: at time of initial stenting, during repeated PCI and after 18 monthes of follow-up. Repeated PCI were done together with intracoronary ultrasonography. Decrease of neointimal volume and degree of balloon hyperinflation had not any influence on clinical end-points. Cross-luminal area of the vessel was the only significant prognostic facor for success of repeated PCI. Borderline value of the area was 4,7 sq.mm. Combined technique of PCI (BA + RA) had advantages over isolated BA only in those cases, when large cross-sectional lumen area must be achieved. Good clinical results of patients with cross-sectional lumen area >4,7 sq.mm, obtained after repeated PCI, give possoibility not to use additional interventions. If sufficient increase of the vessel lumen area can not be achieved, an active approach to therapy of such patients should be used after PCI.

The only significant beneficial prognostic factor for success of repeated PCA of the stenosed stented coronary segments was area of the vessels's lumen. It did not depend on technique of revascularisation. Such factors, as decrease of neointimal volume and degree of balloon hyperinflation, had not influence on frequency of restenosis and clinical end-points. 

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8.     Schiele E, Vuillemenot A., Meneveau N., Pales-Espinosa D., Gupta S., Bassand J.P. Effects of increasing balloon pressure on mechanism and results of balloon an gioplasty for treatment of restenosis after Palmaz-Schatz stent implantation. An angiographic and intra vascular ultrasound study. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 1999; 46 (4): 3321.

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Abstract:

The research covered the results of the endovascular surgical operations in 81 patients with CHD aged 36-76 with bifurcational stenoses of coronary arteries. The peculiarity of the method was the primary delivery of the guides for balloon catheters behind the stenosis area in the "main" and side branches of the left coronary artery. This was prophylaxis of the side artery occlusion after implantation of the "Cypher select" stent into the "main" branch. During the post-operational period (after 6-8 months) 69 patients have passed the examination including coronaroventriculography. The results of the endovascular surgical treatment were successful, no deaths or myocardial infarctions were registered. According to coronarography data, hemodynamically significant stenosis in the stent lumen was observed in 1,2 % cases.

References

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2.      Serruys P.W, De Jaegere P.P.T., Kiemeneij E et al. Comparison of Balloon-expandabie stent implantation with balloon angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 1994; 331, 489 - 495.

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5.      Schofer J., Schluter M., Gershlick A.H. et al. Sirolimus-eluting stents for treatment of patients with long atherosclerotic lesions in small coronary arteries: double-blind, randomized controlled trial (E-SIRIUS). Lancet, 2003; 362: 1093 - 1099.

6.      Colombo A., Moses J.W, Morice M.C. et al. Randomized study to evaluate sirolimus-eluting stents implanted at coronary bifurcation lesions. Circulation, 2004; 109: 1244- 1249.

7.      Ge L., Tsagalou E., Iakovou I. et al. In-Hospital and Nine- Month Outcome of Treatment of Coronary Bifurcational Lesions With Sirolimus-Eluting Stent. Am. ]. CardwL, 2005; 95: 757 - 760.

Abstract:

A multicentered study based on retrospective data covered 2012 patients and aimed at ascertaining the eficiency of various methods of treating patients with coronary restenosis after stenting. The average percent of complications after restenosis was about 20% during the period of study (1 1+4 months). The metaregression data analysis showed the positive correlation between the stage of residual stenosis of the stentet segment and the probability of complications. As the residual stenosis decreased at 1%, the frequency of complications diminished at 0,9%. Another factors under analysis did not show any evident influence, although we have registered a tendency towards better outcomes of the recurring operations as the diameter of the vessel increased. The recurring balloon angioplasty in cases of short restenosis and intracoronar radiation in cases of diffused restenotic lesions have proved to be the most effective operations. The indications for implanting the additional stents must be given very carefully, especially in cases of diabetes.

References

1.     Fischman D.L., Leon M.D., Baim D.S., et al. A randomized comparison of coronary stent placement and balloon angioplasty in treatment of coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994; 331: 496 - 501.

2.     Serruys P.W, de Jaeger P., Kimeneij E, et al. A comparison of balloon-expandable stent implantation with balloon angioplasty in patients with coronary heart disease. N. Engl]. Med. 1994; 331: 489 - 495.

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4.     Hoffmann R., Mintz G. S. Coronary in-stent restenosis-predictors, treatment and prevention. Eur. Heart J. 2000; 21: 1739- 1749.

5.     Leon M.B., Tierstein P.S., Moses J.W et al. Localized intracoronary gamma-radiation therapy to inhibit the occurrence of restenosis after stenting. N. Egl. J. Med. 2001; 344: 250-256.

6.     Waksman R., White R.L., Chan R.C., et al. Intracoronary gamma-radiation therapy after angioplasty inhibits reccurence in patients with in-stent restenosis. Circulation. 2000; 101: 2165 - 2171.

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Abstract:

The article presents case report of step-by-step treatment of patient with coronary arteries disease (CAD). Male, 47 yrs in 1996 underwent aorto-coronary bypass with making of 7 bypasses. Due to progression of atherosclerotic disease in postoperative perion patient underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplastics (PTCA). Despite of all procedures new coronary arteries and bypasses defeat appeared and restenosis of previously implanted stents was pointed. Patient was treated in different countries (Israel, Germany Japan, Russia) with different methods, including: drug-eluting stents, angioplasty with the help of excimer laser and rotational atherectomy Application of physical and mechanical isolation of hyperplastic intima (excimer laser, rotational atherectomy) did not give significant decrease of restenosis repeat. Implantation of drug-eluting stents also had no effect. Stent-in-stent implantation in case of drug-eluting stent restenosis led to repeated restenosis in this patient.

Thus, restenosis is a serious problem for interventional cardiologists. Any of available interventional methods provide optimum direct results, and the long-term results are even poorer.

References

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7.     Hoffmann R. and Mintz G. S. Coronary in-stent restenosis - predictors, treatment and prevention. European Heart Journal. 2000; 21: 1739-1749.

8.     Vom Dahl J., Dietz U., Haager P.K. et al. Rotational atherectomy does not reduce recurrent in-stent restenosis: results of the Angioplasty versus Rotational Atherectomy for Treatment of Diffuse In-Stent Restenosis Trial (ARTIST). Circulation. 2002; 105:583-588

9.     Waksman R., Cheneau E., Ajani A.E. et al. Intracoronary radiation therapy improves the clinical and angiographic outcomes of diffuse in-stent restenotic lesions: results of the Washington Radiation for In-Stent Restenosis Trial for Long Lesions (Long WRIST) Studies. Circulation. 2003; 107:1744-1749.

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16.   Osiev A.G., Mironenko S.P., Krestyaninov O.V., Vereshagin M.A., Kretov E.I., Biryukov A.V., Grankin D.S., Prokopenko R.N. Clinical and angiographic efficacy of the coated balloon catheters in patients with restenosis of the coronary stents. Pathology of blood circulation and heart surgery. 2010; 4: 29-35 [In Russ]. 

Abstract:

Renal artery stenosis is a common condition that can cause renovascular hypertension or ischemic nephropathy. Endovascular treatment for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis is performed frequently and its usage has rapidly increased during the last few years. However clinical benefit of renal artery stenting is questionable. Many researchers suppose that clinical outcomes after renal artery stenting may be improved. Several potential ways to this improvement is discussed: the evaluation of hemodinamical parameters of the stenosis, viability of the renal tissue, prophylactic of the atheroembolisation and restenosis. This article reviews the recent data concerning perspective trends in endovascular procedures on renal arteries that can improve long-term clinical outcomes after renal artery stenting. 

References 

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5.     Jones N., Bates E., Chetcuti S. Usefulness of tran- slesional pressure gradient and pharmacological provocation for the assessment of intermediate renal artery disease. Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2006; 68(3): 429-34.

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9.     Subramanian R., White C.J., Rosenfield K. et al. Renal fractional flow reserve: a hemodynamic evaluation of moderate renal artery stenoses. Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2005; 64: 480-486.

10.   Leesar M., Varma J., Shapira A. Prediction of hypertension improvement after stenting of renal artery stenosis: comparative accuracy of translesional pressure gradients, intravascular ultrasound, and angiography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2009; 53(25): 2363-71.

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12.   Doi Y., Iwashima Y., Yoshihara F. Et al. Renal resistive index and cardiovascular and renal outcomes in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 2012; Jul 23. Epub ahead of print.

13.   Zeller T., Ulrich F., Mflller C., Bbrgelin K., Sinn L. Angioplasty of severe atherosclerotic ostial renal artery stenosis: predictors of improved renal function after percutaneous stent-supported intervention. Circulation 2003; 108: 2244-2249.

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The effectiveness of percutaneous intermittent coronary sinus occlusion in acute coronary syndrome in patients without ST elevation and non significant coronary arteries stenosis