Abstract:

Article describes a rare case of iatrogenic arterial priapism, which was the result of inadequate surgical tactics in treatment of recurrent venous priapism.

Aim: was to formulate an algorithm of examination and treatment of patients with various forms of priapism.

Materials and methods: treatment of patient with iatrogenic arterial priapism, which developed as a result of inadequate surgical tactics in treatment of venous priapism, was analyzed step by step.

Results: reasons for development of arterial priapism in surgical treatment of venous priapism were identified. Achieved success in arresting arterial priapism by selective embolization a. pudenda interna.

Conclusion: angiography and subsequent selective embolization is a highly effective and safe method of arresting arterial priapism.

Abstract:

Two clinical cases of treatment of spontaneous hematomas in elderly patients with COVID-19 using endovascular diagnostic and treatment methods are presented.

Aim: was to show the effectiveness of endovascular hemostasis and, in some cases, there is no alternative to the use of other techniques.

Material and methods: we presented two clinical cases and analyzed the work of domestic and foreign authors on the prevention of venous thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 and endovascular treatment of spontaneous hematomas in patients with COVID-19.

Results: article describes two case reports of catheter embolization in patients with spontaneous hematoma during treatment of severe COVID-19. Elderly patients underwent prevention of thromboembolic complications with low-molecular-weight anticoagulants in prophylactic dosages; during therapy, soft tissue hematomas were revealed in one case in abdominal wall, in the other in chest. In both cases, conservative treatment was ineffective; bleeding required transfusion of blood components. In both cases, embolization was effective, and patients' condition stabilized. In one case, the progression of respiratory failure led to death, the second patient was discharged for out-patient treatment.

Conclusion: catheter embolization for arterial bleeding can be used as monotherapy or as a stage of stabilizing the patient before open surgical treatment.

Abstract:

Aim: was to compare results of using of direct stenting and coronary artery stenting after pre-dilation (CSaPD) in STEMI patients with occlusive coronary artery thrombosis in terms of frequency of no-reflow syndrome and adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) during in-hospital period.

Material and methods: study included 620 patients with acute myocardial infarction with elevation of the ST segment of the electrocardiogram and occlusive thrombosis of the infarct-dependent coronary artery, who successfully underwent endovascular revascularization by stenting. The CSaPD group included 297 patients who underwent stenting after a preliminary balloon angioplasty. The direct stenting group consisted of 323 patients who underwent stenting without prior dilation. The primary endpoint of the study was the occurrence of no-reflow syndrome, secondary endpoints were cardiac death, certain stent thrombosis, recurrence of myocardial infarction, as well as the combined MACE point. Patients of both groups were monitored during in-hospital period.

Results: there were no significant differences between the groups of CSaPD and direct stenting in main clinical-demographic and clinical-angiographic indicators, with the exception of the average length of hospitalization (11 [8;12] vs 8 [7;9], respectively, p = 0,04). Endpoint analysis revealed differences in the incidence of no-reflow syndrome (34 (11,45%) vs 9 (2,79%) in the CSaPD and direct stenting groups, respectively, p = 0,03), cardiac death (31 (10,44%) vs 7 (2,17%) in the CSaPD and direct stenting groups, respectively, p = 0,04), as well as the combined MACE point (37 (12,46%) vs 8 (2,48%) in the CSaPD and direct stenting groups, respectively, p = 0,02).

Conclusion: in STEMI patients with occlusive coronary artery thrombosis, direct stenting of the infarct-dependent artery during the restoration of coronary blood flow to TIMI I after passage of coronary guide-wire, significantly reduces the incidence of no-reflow syndrome (34 (11,45%) vs 9 (2,79%) in the CSaPD and direct stenting, respectively, p = 0,03) and cardiac death (31 (10,44%) vs 7 (2,17%) in the CSaPD and direct stenting groups, respectively, p = 0,04).

Abstract:

Aim: was to study the mutual influence of new coronavirus infection COVID-19 and acute coronary syndrome and to evaluate the effectiveness of percutaneous coronary interventions in these conditions.

Material and methods: for the period from March 21, 2020 to October 31, 2021, 5093 patients were treated for COVID-19. Including 208 patients with acute coronary syndrome with concurrent COVID-19 disease. All patients underwent following diagnostic procedures: computed tomography of the chest, electrocardiography, echocardiography, coronary angiography and, if necessary, percutaneous coronary intervention.

Results: we present data on the distribution of patients with COVID-19 according to the presence or absence of ST segment elevation on the electrocardiogram and the degree of lung tissue damage, as well as information on the nature of coronary interventions and mortality in these groups. A high frequency of massive thrombosis of infarct-related coronary arteries was demonstrated in the group of patients with STEMI. Possible mechanisms of left ventricular dysfunction that persist after percutaneous coronary intervention are described. A positive effect of endovascular myocardial revascularization on the degree of hypoxia in patients with COVID-19 was shown.

Conclusions: development of acute coronary syndrome with concurrent coronavirus infection significantly worsens the prognosis of the disease. Despite of the success of endovascular treatment, worsening COVID-19 infection can be accompanied by a sharp deterioration in the condition of patients, leading to death.

Abstract:

Introduction: one of directions in development of intravascular diagnostic methods is creation of stations or development of methods that allow combining or uniting possibilities of different modalities. This approach makes it possible to overcome limitations inherent in each method of invasive vascular diagnostics, including angiography. This work is devoted to the analysis of possibilities and first results of using the SyncVision station (Philips Volcano), which allows, in various combinations, to carry out joint registration of angiography data, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and instantaneous blood flow reserve (iFR) in various combinations - a non-hyperemic version of fractional flow reserve study.

Aim: was to describe possibilities provided by the use of joint recording of data from angiography, IVUS and real-time instantaneous blood flow reserve, the technique for performing these procedures, as well as to analyze the application of these methods in a department with a large volume of intravascular studies.

Material and methods: the first experience in Russian Federation of the clinical use of the SyncVision station, which is an addition to the s5i intravascular ultrasound system (Philips Volcano), is presented. The station allows you to implement five options that expand the operator's ability to analyze study data and develop a treatment strategy directly at the operating table: co-registration of angiography and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) data; co-registration of angiography data and instantaneous flow reserve (iFR); triple co-registration - angiography, IVUS and iFR; modification of the program for the quantitative calculation of coronary artery stenosis (QCA); real-time image enhancement software for interventional devices.

Results: studies using co-registration with angiography accounted for 21% of all IVUS procedures and 62,4% of iFR procedures. In 67,3% of all studies with angio-IVUS co-registration, the indication for this diagnostic variant was an extended lesion of artery, which required clarification of length of stenotic area, localization of reference segments, and diameter of artery at different levels. In 30 of these patients, triple co-registration was performed. To clarify the hemodynamic significance of lesion with an angiographically indeterminate or borderline picture, co-registration was performed in 13,2% of all cases, to study a bifurcation lesion with a significant difference in the reference segments and angiographically difficult to determine the entry of lateral branch - in 7,3%.

Based on results of triple co-registration, the decision to perform surgical treatment was made in 30 out of 42 patients (71,4%).

Conclusion: joint registration of IVUS data, coronary angiography, and instantaneous flow reserve (iFR) in real time, forms a new diagnostic modality that significantly expands possibilities of intraoperative examination and affects the planning or analysis of intervention results.

Abstract:

Introduction: in recanalization of chronic total occlusions (CTO), contralateral injection is the most important stage, significantly increasing chance of technical success and reducing the incidence of complications.

Materials and methods: 60-year old male patients, with angina pectoris, 3 functional class. After the examination, decision was made to conduct coronary angiography. According to coronarography, occlusion of proximal third of right coronary artery (RCA) was revealed, with collateral filling from the left coronary artery (LCA) R2 and the development of collaterals CC0. According to the scintigraphy data, a «viable myocardium» was detected behind the occlusion zone. Patient underwent mechanical recanalization of RCA with contralateral contrast-agent injection, balloon angioplasty, drug-eluting stents (DES) 3,5?38 mm and 3,5?24 mm were sequentially implanted with a good angiographic result.

Result: contralateral contrast-agent injection during this recanalization helped to avoid complications associated with perforation of lateral branches and greatly facilitated the positioning of guidewire into true lumen of artery. Patient continued military service under the contract.

Conclusion: in case of proper examination, management, and selection of patients, recanalization of chronic occlusion can significantly improve patient's quality of life. It is worth noting that for many patients, social indications are also important, such as the possibility to continue military service or work in a specialty. However, medical indications should be considered first, since unjustified recanalization of chronic occlusion will not improve patient's condition, and a number of serious complications may occur during the operation.

Abstract:

Introduction: coronavirus (COVID) pandemic has caused temporary changes in work algorithms of different hospitals, that have not previously provided care for infectious patients. However, the consequences of COVID go beyond infectious pathology. Widespread use of therapeutic doses of anticoagulants as a necessary treatment option and resistant to treatment, cough as a typical symptom, led to an increase in spontaneous ruptures of epigastric arteries with hematomas of abdominal wall, which was an undesirable complication of the main disease.

Aim: was to demonstrate possibilities of endovascular methods in treatment of patients with spontaneous rupture of epigastric arteries on the background of COVID-19 and anticoagulant therapy.

Material and methods: at joinant infectious hospital, inpatient care was provided to 421 patients with coronavirus infection. At the same time, during treatment 9 patients had hematomas of abdominal wall and two of them had spontaneous rupture of rectus abdominis muscle and branches of inferior epigastric artery were damaged. In this article, we present both observations demonstrating the potential of endovascular surgery in treatment of such lesions in patients with COVID-19. Both patients, on the 6 and 10th day of inpatient treatment (severity of lung involvement was Grade 1 and Grade 2) during intense coughing, noted pain and swelling of anterior abdominal wall, accompanied by clinical and laboratory signs of blood loss. Computed tomography angiography (CT-A) revealed extravasation from small branches of inferior epigastric artery with an extensive hematoma that spread into the retroperitoneal space. In a hybrid operating room, a selective embolization of inferior (in one case, due to the high localization of the hematoma, inferior and superior) epigastric artery with an adhesive composition (N-butyl cyanoacrylate with iodolipol) was performed with successful angiographic and clinical results. Patients were discharged without complications on the 7th and 9th days of the postoperative period.

Conclusion: timely CT-diagnostic of severe bleeding, even in cases with atypical localization, and its management by selective embolization of damaged artery is the basis in treatment of spontaneous (cough-associated) ruptures of rectus abdominis muscle in patients with new coronavirus infection.

Abstract:

Introduction: dextrocardia - is a congenital heart disease, in which the heart is located in right half of chest. Incidence of ischemic heart disease in patients with dextrocardia is unknown, but some authors write that it is the same as in the general population. Guiding principles of endovascular treatment of chronic total occlusion (CTO) of coronary arteries, consider dualcatheter angiography to be an obligatory option for successful recanalization.

Aim: was to estimate possibilities of DRON-access and various radial accesses in treatment of multivessel disease in a patient with dextrocardia, severe comorbidity, and single vascular access.

Material and methods: we present case report of a 63-year-old female patient, who previously had ischemic stroke with tleft-sided hemiplegia; she was examined before surgery for instability of the prosthesis of right hip joint. Coronary angiography through traditional radial access revealed multivessel lesions of coronary arteries: chronic total occlusion (CTO) of right coronary artery, stenosis of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) in proximal and distal third; eccentric circumflex artery (Cx) stenosis. Further examination revealed: severe spastic paralysis of left hand, occlusion of left common femoral artery, chronic osteomyelitis of right leg with suppuration.

Medical consilium decided to perform staged endovascular revascularization of the myocardium.

For this purpose, to provide access for double-catheter recanalization of CTO and subsequent interventions, DRON-access (Distal radial and Radial One-handed accesses for interventions iN chronic occlusions of coronary arteries) and various radial accesses were used.

Results: at the first stage, using DRON-access, we performed double-catheter angiography and CTO recanalization of right coronary artery (RCA) with stenting. At the second stage, through traditional radial access, we performed angioplasty and stenting of LAD at two levels. After 3 months, control coronary angiography was performed through distal radial access: implanted stents had no signs of restenosis, there was no progression of atherosclerotic process. Patient was discharged to prepare for correction of instability of right hip joint prosthesis.

Conclusions: patients with severe and variable comorbidities require not only a multidisciplinary approach, but also, in various of clinical situations, need personalized approach. The use of DRON-access may allow operators to perform endovascular intervention using double-catheter angiography even in patients with single vascular access, which meets modern criteria for providing care for chronic coronary artery occlusions.

Abstract:

Aim: was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of delayed endovascular treatment without stent implantation in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) caused by massive thrombotic load and ectasia of infarct-related coronary artery.

Material and methods: out of 4263 primary percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) performed for STEMI for the period from January 2016 to September 2021, retrospective analysis included data of 21 patients with ectasia of infarct-related coronary artery and massive thrombotic load (TTG ? 3).

Results: method of delayed endovascular treatment, without stent implantation, in STEMI caused by massive thrombotic load and ectasia of infarct-related coronary artery, allowed to significantly improve parameters of epicardial coronary blood flow according to  TIMI and CFTC scales in 71% and 67% of examined patients (p <0,001, p=0,001); increase myocardial perfusion according to MBG in 62% of patients (p=0,001); reduce the severity of thrombotic load according to TTG scale in 71% of the subjects (p=0,001).

Conclusion: in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction caused by massive thrombotic load and ectasia of infarct-related coronary artery, the strategy of delayed endovascular treatment with-out stent implantation is safe and effective at the hospital stage.

Abstract:

Introduction: the importance of intravascular diagnostic methods and the frequency of their use in clinical practice is steadily increasing. However, in the Russian Federation, studies on the analysis of possibilities of intravascular imaging or physiology are sporadic, and statistical data are presented only in very generalized form. This makes it relevant to create a specialized register dedicated to these diagnostic methods.

Aim: was to present the structure, tasks and possibilities of the Russian registry for the use of intravascular imaging and physiology based on results of the first year of its operation.

Material and methods: In total, in 2021, forms were filled out for 2632 studies in 1356 patients.

Studies included all types of intravascular imaging and physiology - intravascular ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, measurement of fractional flow reserve and non-hyperemic indices.

The registry's web-based data platform includes 14 sections and 184 parameters to describe all possible scenarios for applying these methodologies. Data entry is possible both from a stationary computer and from mobile devices, and takes no more than one minute per study. Received material is converted into Excel format for further statistical processing.

Results: 13 departments participated in the register, while the share of the eight most active ones accounted for 97,5% of all entered forms. On average, 1.9 studies per patient were performed, with fluctuations between clinics from 1,6 to 2,9. Studies of the fractional flow reserve accounted for 40% of total data array, intravascular ultrasound - 37%, optical coherence tomography - 23%. Of all studies, 80% were performed on coronary arteries for chronic coronary artery disease, 18% - for acute coronary syndrome, 2% were studies for non-coronary pathology. In 41% of cases, studies were performed at the diagnostic stage, without subsequent surgery. In 89,6% of cases, this was due to the detection of hemodynamically insignificant lesions, mainly by means of physiological assessment. In 72% of cases, the use of intravascular imaging or physiology methods directly influenced the tactics or treatment strategy - from deciding whether to perform surgery or not to choose the optimal size of instruments or additional manipulations to optimize the outcome of the intervention. In the clinics participating in the register, the equipment of all major manufacturers represented on the Russian market was used.

Conclusions: the design of the online registry database is convenient for data entry. Participation in the registry of most departments that actively and systematically use methods of intravascular imaging and physiology ensured the representativeness of obtained data for analysis in interests of both practical medicine and industry, as well as for scientific research in the field of intravascular imaging and physiology. The register has great potential for both quantitative and qualitative improvement.

Abstract:

Aim: was to study the efficacy and functionality of the Yukon Chrome PC stent in clinical practice.

Materials and methods: in 2021, a prospective, observational study of the safety, effectiveness of the Yukon Chrome PC stent, as well as its functionality during implantation in clinical practice, was launched on the basis of 25 domestic clinics. The study included 364 patients who underwent implantation of 495 Yukon Chrome PC stents. Mean age of patients was 62,8 years (from 33 to 89 years). Men were 263 (72,3%). The vast majority (82,4%) of patients were diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome (ACS): without ST segment elevation - 180 (49,45%) patients; with ST segment elevation - 120 (32,9%) patients. Unstable angina was verified in 22 (6%) patients. There were 42 (11,5%) patients with stable angina class 2-3.

Moderate tortuosity of vessels occurred in 27,7% of cases, while severe tortuosity of vessels occurred in 3,57% of cases. Moderate calcification was noted in 115 (31,5%) patients, severe/massive - in 23 (6,3%) cases. A complex lesion combining severe/moderate calcification and severe/moderate tortuosity of the target artery occurred in 79 (21,7%) patients.

Results: technical success of the procedure was achieved in 97,5% of cases. In one patient with severe calcification, the Yukon Chrome PC stent could not be inserted into the affected area. Attempts to implant another stent were also unsuccessful.

Depending on the number of implanted stents, the patients were distributed as follows: 3 stents were inplanted in 31 (8,5%) patients; 2 stents - 102 (28%) patients, 1 stent - 231 (63,5%) patients.

Bifurcation stenting using a two-stent technique was performed in 69 (19%) patients. Stenting of the left main was performed in 11 (3%) cases. Predilation was performed in 245 (67%) patients; postdilation - in 179 (49%) patients.

Conclusion: analysis of hospital results of implantation of Yukon Chrome PC stents indicates good flexibility and deliverability of stents even in patients with moderate and severe sheath calcification.

The overall assessment of the functional characteristics of the stent among endovascular surgeons who performed stenting is quite high.

Abstract:

Introduction: treatment of patients with bilobar metastatic liver disease remains an unsolved problem. Among methods of regional chemotherapy, the least studied is isolated liver chemoperfusion, which is an unpopular technique due to its high trauma and difficult reproducibility.

Aim: was to demonstrate the method of endovascular isolated liver chemoperfusion (EILHP) developed by us.

Case report: EILCP was performed using a heart-lung machine (HLM) in a patient with cancer of the rectum, stage 2 (pT3N0M0), after combined treatment (radiation therapy (SOD 60 Gy) + anterior resection of the rectum in 2007). Disease progression. Isolated metastatic liver disease (01.2021). Isolated chemoperfusion was performed endovascularly using 2-balloon catheters, which provided vascular isolation of the liver and its isolated perfusion during the procedure. Posi- tioning of balloon catheters was performed in an open way through femoral artery and vein. Perfusion was carried out for 30 minutes with chemotherapy drugs (CtD) oxaliplatin 42,5 mg/m² and irinotecan 82,5 mg/m² injected directly into the circuit.

Results: the duration of intervention was 160 minutes, intraoperative blood loss was 50 ml. During insertion and positioning of aortic balloon, a limited dissection of the aorta developed in area of left common iliac artery deviation, which did not require any intervention in postoperative period. Duration of intensive care unit stay was 1 day. There were no complications associated with aortic dissection during 3-month follow-up. Level of ALT and AST remained within reference values during entire postoperative period. No hematological toxicity was observed. Patient was discharged on the 7th day after operation in satisfactory condition.

Patient underwent control CT scan of abdominal organs, 30 days after endovascular isolated chemoperfusion of the liver. According to the RECIST scale, stabilization of tumor process was noted.

Conclusions: proposed technique of endovascular isolated liver chemoperfusion is technically feasible and safe. The use of this method may be appropriate in treatment of patients with isolated liver metastases who require dose reduction of chemotherapeutic agents due to their severe toxicity or high patient comorbidity.

Abstract:

Patients with suspected peripheral artery disease (PAD) with critical limb ischemia (CLI) require intervention for limb salvage. Successful revascularization depends on quality and accurate visualization of vascular bed of lower limbs. Recent advances in imaging technology have significantly impacted the preoperative assessment of patients with PAD. The following is a description of main invasive techniques of obtaining high-quality images of arteries of lower limbs.

Aim: was to summarize data of modern literature sources, on the effectiveness of modern instrumental diagnostic methods for early and effective invasive assessment of blood flow and perfusion of lower limbs for planning revascularization interventions and assessing its effectiveness.

Material and methods: we analyzed sources of Russian and foreign literature over the past 5 years on the issue of modern possibilities of invasive diagnosis of critical lower limb ischemia. When choosing sources, we relied on the information content of described methods, the relevance of research, results of which are being applied today, and outlined prospects for their application in the future.

Conclusions: over the years, digital subtraction angiography has been traditionally the «gold standard» for intravascular imaging of lower limbs. Over time, this method has been improved because technological advances have created high-quality alternatives for preoperative (computed tomography [CT] angiography and magnetic resonance angiography [MRA]) and intraoperative imaging (Vascular Flow Reserve [VFR], intravascular ultrasound [IVUS], optical coherence tomography [OCT] and angiography CO₂).

Abstract:

Introduction: percutaneous coronary intervention plays an important role in treatment of acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. However, the benefit of performing delayed PCI is controversial (>12h after onset of symptoms typical for STEMI).

Aim: was to compare results of PCI and medical therapy (MT) in patients, who had been admitted to the hospital with verified STEMI, diagnosed 12 hours after the onset of symptoms, and to estimate their effect on clinical outcomes.

Material and methods: data of 100 patients was analyzed, PCI was performed in 62 patients and 38 patients underwent medical therapy. The task was to compare clinical outcomes, which included mortality and major adverse cardiac events (MACE).

Results: all-cause mortality in groups of delayed PCI and MT was 4 (6,45%) and 9 (23,6%) respectively (p <0,05). It was also recorded that minor cases of cardiac death occurred in the group of delayed PCI in comparison with the MT group, 1 (1,6%) and 6 (15,7%) respectively (p <0,05).

Conclusion: delayed PCI (12 hours after the onset of the myocardial infarction in STEMI patients) leads to improvement in all-cause mortality and cardiac death rates compared with conservative treatment.

Abstract:

Article describes cases of detection of viral pneumonia in patients who underwent additional examination before planned hospitalization for surgical treatment in the presence of negative test results for the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Aim: was to detect early computed tomography (CT) signs of COVID-19 during admission to hospital, in case of presence of normal clinical and laboratory data and negative results of PCR test.

Material and methods: image analysis of CT examinations of chest organs in patients admitted for surgical treatment for various osteoarticular pathologies, for the period of 3 months, was carried out in radiology department.

Results: during CT examination of chest organs, in 9,1% patients, signs of viral pneumonia were revealed, including those caused by SARS-CoV-2, in condition of negative results of PCR tests, immunoserological tests for the presence of immunoglobulins M and G to SARS-CoV-2.

Conclusion: computed tomography of lungs can be considered the «gold standard» of diagnostics, which makes it possible to detect early subclinical inflammatory changes in lungs, in particular, in pneumonia associated with COVID-19, which is the main task during a pandemic.

Abstract:

This review is devoted to critical upper limb ischemia in patients with hemodialysis vascular access. Possible etiological causes of critical ischemia and diagnostic aspects of this pathology are considered. Contemporary approaches of treatment of critical ischemia in this group of patients are demonstrated; indications and contraindications for methods of treatment are discussed. Particular attention has been paid to endovascular method of revascularization of hand, which can become the method of choice in treatment of patients with critical ischemia of the upper limb caused by occlusive lesions of arteries in patients with hemodialysis vascular access.

References

1.     Vennesland JB, S?reide K, Kval?y JT, et al. A Population-Based Study of Incidence, Presentation, Management and Outcome of Primary Thromboembolic Ischemia in the Upper Extremity. World J Surg. 2019; 43(9): 2320-2327.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-019-05023-w

2.     Thibaudeau S, Serebrakian AT, Gerety PA, Levin LS. An algorithmic approach to the surgical treatment of chronic ischemia of the hand: а systematic review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016; 137: 818-828.

3.     Huber TS, Larive B, Imrey PB, et al. Access-related hand ischemia and the Hemodialysis Fistula Maturation Study. J Vasc Surg. 2016; 64(4): 1050-1058.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2016.03.449

4.     Horst VD, Nelson PR, Mallios A, et al. Avoiding hemodialysis access-induced distal ischemia. The Journal of Vascular Access. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/1129729820943464

5.     Mohamed AS, Peden EK. Dialysis-associated steal syndrome (DASS). The Journal of Vascular Access. 2017; 18(1): 68-73.

https://doi.org/10.5301/jva.5000684

6.     Stolic RV, Trajkovic GZ, Miric DJ, et al. Arteriovenous fistulas and digital hypoperfusion ischemic syndrome in patients on hemodialysis. World J Nephrol. 2013; 2(2): 26-30.

https://doi.org/10.5527/wjn.v2.i2.26

7.     Cheun TJ, Jayakumar L, Sideman MJ, et al. Upper extremity arterial endovascular interventions for symptomatic vascular access-induced steal syndrome. J Vasc Surg. 2019; 70 (2): 1896-1903.

8.     Sedov VM, Karpov SA, Alfyorov SV, Grinyov KM. Phenomenon of ischemic steal syndrome in patients with different arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis and its surgical correction. Grekov's Bulletin of Surgery. 2013;172(6): 051-055 [In Russ].

9.     Vaes RHD, Wouda R, Teijink JAW, Scheltinga MR. Venous side branch ligation as a first step treatment for haemodialysis access induced hand ischemia: effects on access flow volume and digital perfusion. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015; 50: 810-814.

10.   Tordoir JHM, Dammers R, van der Sande FM.мUpper extremity ischemia and hemodialysis vascular access. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2004; 27: 1-5.

11.   Gurkov A, Lobov G, Gurevich K. Blood flow in the large vessels of the forearm and in the microvessels of the hand in patients on programmed hemodialysis. The Doctor. 2012; 6: 64-67 [In Russ].

12.   Cheun TJ, Jayakumar L, Sheehan MK et al. Outcomes of upper extremity interventions for chronic critical ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2018; 69 (1): 20-128.

13.   Tursunov BZ, Usmanov HH, Temirov SN. Balloon angioplasty of the radial artery in critical hand ischemia. Angiology and Vascular Surgery. 2018; 24: 64-69 [In Russ].

14.   Guerra A, Raynaud A, Beyssen B, et al. Arterial percutaneous angioplasty in upper limbs with vascular access devices for haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002; 17: 843-851.

15.   Oprea A, Molnar A, Scridon T, Mircea PA. Digital pressure in haemodialysis patients with brachial arteriovenous fistula. Indian J Med Res. 2019; 149(3): 376-383.

16.   Tolba M, Maresch M, Kamal D. Distal radial artery ligation for treatment of steal syndrome associated with radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula. J Surg Case Rep. 2020; 2020(9): rjaa314.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jscr/rjaa314

17.   Alie-Cusson FS, Bhat K, Ramchandani J, et al. Distal Revascularization and Interval Ligation for the Management of Dialysis Access Steal Syndrome. Ann Vasc Surg. 2021; 74: 29-35.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2021.01.102

18.   Scali ST, Chang CK, Raghinaru D, et al. Prediction of graft patency and mortality after distal revascularization and interval ligation for hemodialysis access-related hand ischemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2013; 45:195.

19.   De Caprio JD, Valentine RJ, Kakish HB, et al. Steal syndrome complicating hemodialysis access. Cardiovasc Surg. 1997; 5: 648-653.

20.   Sheaffer WW, Hangge PT, Chau AH, et al. Minimally Invasive Limited Ligation Endoluminal-Assisted Revision (MILLER): A Review of the Available Literature and Brief Overview of Alternate Therapies in Dialysis Associated Steal Syndrome. J Clin Med. 2018; 7(6): 128.

21.   Kordzadeh A, Garzon LAN, Parsa AD. Revision Using Distal Inflow for the Treatment of Dialysis Access Steal Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Ann Vasc Dis. 2018; 11(4): 473-478.

22.   Vaes RHD, van Loon M, Selma MM, et al. One-year efficacy of the RUDI technique for flow reduction in high-flow autologous brachial artery-based hemodialysis vascular access. J Vasc Access. 2015; 16(9): 96-101.

23.   Shaikh FA, Siddiqui N, Shahzad N, et al. Operative Techniques to Prevent Dialysis Access-associated Steal Syndrome in High-risk Patients Undergoing Surgery for Hemodialysis Access: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2019; 11(11): 6086.

24.   Schaffer D. A prospective, randomized trial of 6-mm versus 4-7-mm PTFE grafts for hemodialysis access in diabetic patients. In: Vascular Access for Hemodialysis, 5th. ed., edited by Henry ML, Ferguson RM, Tucson, WL. Gore and Associates, Inc., and Precept Press, 1997; 91-94.

25.   Scholz H. Arteriovenous Access Surgery. New-York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 2015.

26.   Patel MS, Davies MG, Nassar GM, Naoum JJ. Open repair and venous inflow plication of the arteriovenous fistula is effective in treating vascular steal syndrome. Ann Vasc Surg. 2015; 29(5): 927-933.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2014.12.042

27.   Zamani P, Kaufman J, Kinlay S. Ischemic steal syndrome following arm arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis. Vascular Medicine. 2009; 14: 371-376.

28.   Leake AE, Winger DG, Leers SA, et al. Management and outcomes of dialysis access-associated steal syndrome. J Vasc Surg. 2015; 61(3): 754-760.

29.   Misskey J, Yang C, MacDonald S, et al. A comparison of revision using distal inflow and distal revascularization-interval ligation for the management of severe access-related hand ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2016; 63(6): 1574-1581.

30.   Shakarchi JA, Stolba J, Houston JG, et al. Surgical techniques for haemodialysis access-induced distal ischaemia. J Vasc Access. 2016; 17(1): 40-46.

31.   Spinelli F, Benedetto F, Passari G, et al. Bypass Surgery for the Treatment of Upper Limb Chronic Ischaemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010; 39: 165-170.

32.   Pederson WC. Revascularization Options for Terminal Distal Ischemia. Hand Clin. 2015; 31: 75-83.

33.   Cornejo A, Neaman KC, Srinivasan RC, et al. In situ venous bypass for chronic hand ischemia. Ann plast surg. 2016; 76(4): 275-279.

34.   Masden LD, Seruya M, Higgins JP. A systematic review of the outcomes of distal upper extremity bypass surgery with arterial and venous conduits. Hand Surg. 2012; 37(A): 2362-2367.

35.   Hoexum F, Coveliers HM, Lu JJ, et al. Thoracic sympathectomy for upper extremity ischemia. Minerva Cardioangiologica. 2016; 64(6): 676-685.

36.   Zeng W, Hammert WC. Arterialization of the Venous System for Treatment of Chronic Ischemia in the Hand. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016; 137(4): 1213-1220.

37.   Zatevahin II, Cipciashvili MSh, Gorbenko UF. Тransplantation of omentum major in the treatment of distal lesions of the tibial arteries. Clinical angiology: Manual/Ed. by A.V. Pokrovsky. - Moscow: Medicine Publishers, 2004; 2: 316-325 [In Russ].

38.   Shukla PA, Contractor S, Huang JT, Curi MA. Coil embolization as a treatment alternative for dialysis-associated steal syndrome. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2012; 46(7): 546-9.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1538574412456435

39.   Davies MG. Management of Arteriovenous Fistula Side Branches: Ligation or Coil Embolization. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2019: 70(2): 34.

https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2019.06.041

40.   Kasirajan K. Coil Embolization of Tributaries of Brachiocephalic Fistula is Effective in the Management of Vascular Steal. Ann Vasc Surg. 2021; 72: 307-314.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2020.08.150

41.   Tomoi Y, Soga Y, Fujihara M, et al. Outcomes of Endovascular Therapy for Upper Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease With Critical Hand Ischemia. J Endovasc Ther. 2016; 23(5): 717-22.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1526602816659279

42.   Law Y, Chan YC, Cheng SW. Angioplasty of forearm arteries as a finger salvage procedure for patient with end-stage renal failure. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2016; 9: 105-109.

https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S102257

43.   Gandini R, Angelopoulos G, Da Ros V, et al. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for treatment of critical hand ischemia with a novel endovascular approach: the radial to ulnar artery loop technique. J Vasc Surg. 2010; 52: 760-762.

44.   Singh A, Kumar N, Jain AP, et al. Endovascular management of critical hand ischemia by 'palmar arch loop' technique. Vascular. 2021; 29(4): 597-605.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1708538120966939

45.   Bahro A, Igyarto Z, Martinsen B. Critical hand ischemia treatment via orbital atherectomy - A single center observational retrospective analysis. Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine. 2017; 18: 91-94.

46.   Gandini R, Fabiano S, Morosetti D, et al. Endovascular treatment of below-the-elbow arteries in critical hand ischemia. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2016; 64(6): 662-71.

47.   Yeager RA, Moneta GL, Edwards JM, et al. Relationship of hemodialysis access to finger gangrene in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Vasc Surg. 2002; 36(2): 245-249.

Abstract:

Introduction: the review is devoted to clinical results of the use of radiological and endovascular interventionsin intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: chemoinfusion, chemo- and radioembolization of the hepatic artery, preoperative embolization of right branch of portal vein.

Aim: was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of methods of intravascular therapy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Materials and methods: article presents an analysis of 50 scientific literature sources in leading domestic and foreign scientific journals.

Results: it was found that intra-arterial treatment methods have approximately the same clinical efficacy. Chemoinfusion is a technically simple and effective method of treatment, prospects of which are associated with the creation of new chemotherapy drugs and therapeutic regimens. Chemoembolization is most effective for hypervascular cholangiocarcinoma. The question of its use in a neoadjuvant mode requires study, even in resectable cases, it helps to reduce the biological activity of the tumor. Radioembolization (RE) effectively slows down the growth of cholangiocarcinoma and is well tolerated by patients, but long-term results are little bit worse to those of infusion and embolization. The procedure seems to be technically difficult and requires expensive logistics. When solving these problems, ER can become one of the most important methods of treating cholangiocarcinoma, especially when the tumor is resistant to other methods of therapy.

Preoperative portal vein embolization is routinely used in clinical practice. However, operations performed after this procedure account for only 3-6% of all liver resections. The wider application of this technically simple and safe technique seems logical.

Conclusions: in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma, a combined approach should be used with the use of surgical, X-ray endovascular and other methods of anticancer therapy: this makes it possible to expand possibilities of treating patients and achieve improved long-term results.

References

1.     Datta J, Narayan RR, Kemeny NE, D’Angelica MI. Role of hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy in treatment of initially unresectable colorectal liver metastases (review). JAMA Surg. 2019; 154(8): 768-776.

https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.1694

2.     Rutkin IO, Granov DA, Polysalov VN, et al. Combination of cytoreductive surgery and implantation of intra-arterial infusion systems in the treatment of unresectable liver tumors. Voprosy Onkologii. 2007; 53(2): 206-209 [In Russ].

3.     Generalov MI, Balakhnin PV, Tsurkan VA, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of toxic complications of regional chemotherapy through percutaneously implanted systems. Diagnosticheskaja i Intervencionnaya Radiologiya. 2007; 1(3): 46-51 [In Russ].

4.     Imamine R, Shibata T, Shinozuka K, Togashi K. Complications in hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy: retrospective comparison of catheter tip placement in the right/left hepatic artery vs. the gastroduodenal artery. Surg. Today. 2017; 47(7): 851-858.

5.     Kozlov AV, Tarazov PG, Polikarpov AA, Polysalov VN. Possibility of regional chemotherapy in patients with cancer of the liver and biliary ducts complicated by obstructive jaundice. Rossijskij Onkologicheskij Zhurnal. 2004; 1: 11-15 [In Russ].

6.     Konstantinidis IT, Do RKG, Gultekin GH, et al. Regional chemotherapy for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a potentional role for dynamic magnetic resonance imaging as an imaging biomarker and a survival update from two prospective clinical trials. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2014; 21(8): 2675-2683.

https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-014-3649-y

7.     Konstantinidis IT, Koerkamp BG, Do RKG, et al. Unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: systemic plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy is associated with longer survival in comparison with systemic chemotherapy alone. Cancer. 2016; 122(5): 758-765.

https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29824

8.     Sinn M, Nicolaou A, Gebauer B, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion with oxaliplatin and 5-FU/folinic acid for advanced biliary tract cancer: a phase II study. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2013; 58(8): 2399-2405.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-013-2624-y

9.     Wang X, Hu J, Caj G, et al. Phase II study of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil for advanced perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Radiology. 2017; 283(2): 580-589.

https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2016160572

10.   Thiels CA, D’Angelica MI. Hepatic artery infusion pumps (review). J. Surg. Oncol. 2020; 122(1): 70-77.

https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.25913

11.   Savic LJ, Chapiro J, Geschwind J-FH. Intra-arterial embolotherapy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: update and future prospects (review). Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr. 2017; 6(1): 7-21.

https://doi.org/10.21037/hbsn.2016.11.02

12.   Lewis AL, Hall B. Toward a better understanding of the mechanism of action for intra-arterial delivery of irinotecan from DC Bead (DEBIRI). Future Oncology. 2019; 15(17): 2053-2068.

https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2019-0071

13.   Faramazzalian A, Armitage KB, Kapoor B, Kalva SP. Medical management of tumor lysis syndrome, postprocedural pain, and venous thromboembolism following interventional radiology procedures. Semin. Intervent. Radiol. 2015; 32(2): 209-216.

https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1549379

14.   Matsui Y, Figi A, Horikawa M, et al. Arteriopathy after transarterial chemo-lipiodolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Diagn. Interv. Imag. 2017; 98(12): 827-835.

https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v25.i31.4360

15.   Newgard BJ, Getrajdman GI, Erinjeri JP, et al. Incidence and consequence of nontarget embolization following bland hepatic arterial embolization. Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 2019; 42(8): 1135-1141.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-019-02229-2

16.   Dolgushin BI, Virshke ER, Kosyrev VJ, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization in the treatment of inoperable patients with nodular cholangiocarcinoma. Annaly Khirurgicheskoy Gepatologii. 2015; 20(3): 24-30 [In Russ].

https://doi.org/10.16931/1995-5464.2015324-30

17.   Park S-Y, Kim JH, Yoon H-J, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization versus supportive therapy in the palliative treatment of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Clin. Radiol. 2011; 66(4): 322-328.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2010.11.002

18.   Gusani NJ, Balaa FK, Steel JL, et al. Treatment of unresectable cholangiocarcinoma with gemcitabine-based transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE): a single-institution experience. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2008; 12(1): 129-137.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-007-0312-y

19.   Burger I, Hong K, Schulik R, et al. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: initial experience in a single institution. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2005; 16(3): 353-361.

https://doi.org/10.1097/01.RVI.0000143768.60751.7

20.   Kiefer MV, Albert M, McNally M, et al. Chemoembolization of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with cisplatinum, doxorubicin, mitomycin C, ethiodol, and polyvinyl alcohol: a 2-center study. Cancer. 2011; 117(7): 1498-1505.

https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25625

21.   Vogl TJ, Naguib NN, Nour-Eldin NE, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization in the treatment of patients with unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: results and prognostic factors governing treatment success. Int. J. Cancer. 2012; 31(3): 733-740.

https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.26407

22.   Popov VV, Polikarpov AA, Alentiev SA, et al. Possibilities of regional chemotherapy in the treatment of unresectable cholangiocarcinoma. Klinicheskaja Patofisiologija. 2016; 3-1(22): 21-24 [In Russ].

https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.12364

23.   Li J, Wang Q, Lei Z, et al. Adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization following liver resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma based on survival risk stratification. Oncologist. 2015; 26(6): 640-647.

https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0470

24.   Lu Z, Liu S, Yi Y, et al. Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase levels affect the prognosis in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma who receive postoperative adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization: a propensity score matching study. Int. J. Surg. 2017; 37: 24-28.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.10.015

25.   Wu ZF, Zhang HB, Yang N, et al. Postoperative adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization improves survival of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients with poor prognostic factors: results of a large monocentric series. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 38(7): 602-610.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2012.02.185

26.   Park HM, Yun SP, Lee EC, et al. Outcomes for patients with recurrent intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma after surgery. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2016; 23(13): 4392-4400.

https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-016-5454-2

27.   Ge Y, Jeong S, Luo G-J, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization versus percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy for recurrent unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: development of a prognostic nomogram. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int. 2020; 19(2): 138-146.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbpd.2020.02.005

28.   Aliberti C, Benea G, Tilli M, Fiorentini G. Chemoembolization (TACE) of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with slow-release doxorubicin-eluting beads: preliminary results. Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 2008; 31(5): 883-888.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-008-9336-2

29.   Aliberti C, Carandina R, Sarti D, et al. Chemoembolization with drug-eluting microspheres loaded with doxorubicin for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2017; 37(4): 1859-1863.

https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.11522

30.   Kuhlman JB, Euringer W, Spangenberg HC, et al. Treatment of unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: conventional transarterial chemoembolization compared with drug eluting bead-transarterial chemoembolization and systemic chemotherapy. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2012; 24(4): 437-443.

https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0b013e3283502241

31.   Schiffman SC, Metzger T, Dubel G, et al. Precision hepatic arterial irinotecan therapy in the treatment of unresectable cholangiocellular carcinoma: optimal tolerance and prolonged overall survival. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 18(2): 431-438.

https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-010-1333-4

32.   Ray CE, Edwards A, Smith MT, et al. Meta-analysis of survival, complications, and imaging response following chemotherapy-based transarterial therapy in patients with unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2013; 24(8): 1218-1226.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2013.03.019

33.   Radosa CG, Radosa JC, Grosche-Schlee S, et al. Holmium-166 radioembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma: feasibility and safety of a new treatment option in clinical practice. Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 2019; 42(3): 405-412.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-018-2133-7

34.   Gangi A, Shah J, Hatfield N, et al. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma treated with transarterial yttrium-90 glass microsphere radioembolization: Results of a single institution retrospective study. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2018; 29(8): 1101-1108.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2018.04.001

35.   Reimer P, Virarkar MK, Binnenhei M, et al. Prognostic factors in overall survival of patients with unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma treated by means of yttrium-90 radioembolization: results in therapy-na?ve patients. Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 2018; 41(5): 744-752.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-017-1871-2

36.   Al-Adra DP, Gill RS, Axford SJ, et al. Treatment of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with yttrium-90 radioembolization: a systematic review and pooled analysis. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015; 41(1): 120-127.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2014.09.007

37.   Zhen Y, Liu B, Chang Z, et al. A pooled analysis of transarterial radioembolization with ittrium-90 microspheres for the treatment of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Onco Targets Ther. 2019; 12: 4489-4498.

https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S.202875

38.   Rayar M, Sulpice L, Edeline J, et al. Intra-arterial yttrium-90 radioembolization combined with systemic chemotherapy is a promising method for downstaging unresectable huge intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma to surgical treatment. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2015; 22(9): 3102-3108.

https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-014-4365-3

39.   Bargellini I, Mosconi C, Pizzi G, et al. Yttrium-90 radioembolization in unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Results of a multicenter retrospective study. Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 2020; 43(9): 1305-1314.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-020-02569-4

40.   Edeline J, Touchefeu Y, Guiu B, et al. Radioembolization plus chemotherapy for first-line treatment of locally advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A phase 2 clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2019; 6(1): 51-59.

https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.3702

41.   White J, Carolan-Rees G, Dale M, et al. Yttrium-90 transarterial radioembolization for chemotherapy-refractory intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a prospective, observational study. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2019; 30(8): 1185-1192.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2019.03.018

42.   Buettner S, Braat AJAT, Margonis GA, et al. Yttrium-90 radioembolization in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multicenter retrospective analysis. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2020; 31(7): 1035-1043.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2020.02.008

43.   Akinwande O, Shah V, Mills A, et al. Chemoembolization versus radioembolization for the treatment of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in a single institution: image-based efficacy and comparative toxicity. Hepatic Oncology. 2017; 4(3): 75-81.

https://doi.org/10.2217/hep-2017-0005

44.   Currie BM, Soulen MC. Decision making: intra-arterial therapies for cholangiocarcinoma – TACE and TARE. Semin. Intervent. Radiol. 2017; 34(2): 92-100.

https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1602591

45.   Hyder O, Marsh JW, Salem R, et al. Intra-arterial therapy for advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multi-institutional analysis. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2013; 20(12): 3779-3786.

https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-013-3127-y

46.   Boehm LM, Jayakrishnan TT, Miura JT, et al. Comparative effectiveness of hepatic artery based therapies for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015; 111(2): 213-220.

https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.23781

47.   Yang L, Shan J, Shan L, et al. Trans-arterial embolisation therapies for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review. J. Gastrointest. Oncol. 2015; 6(5): 570-588.

https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.055

48.   Wright GP, Perkins S, Jones H, et al. Surgical resection does not improve survival in multifocal intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a comparison of surgical resection with intra-arterial therapies. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2018; 25(1): 83-90.

https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-017-6110-1

49.   Ebata T, Yokoyama Y, Igami T, et al. Portal vein embolization before extended hepatectomy for biliary cancer: current technique and review of 494 consecutive embolizations. Dig. Surg. 2012; 29(1): 23-29.

https://doi.org/10.1159/000335718

50.   Higuchi R, Yamamoto M. Indications for portal vein embolization in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. J. Hep. Bil. Pancr.Sci. 2014; 21(86): 542-549.

https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbp.77

Abstract:

Background: pulmonary embolism (PE), is one of the most common cardiopulmonary pathologies in the world, has a high risk of developing after major operations on the osteoarticular system. Mortality from PE remains high, ranking third after myocardial infarction and stroke.

Aim: was to identify tomographic signs of PE in patients with osteoarticular pathology in the postoperative period.

Materials and methods: we analyzed results of computed angiopulmonography of 11 patients with suspicion on pulmonary embolism who were operated on osteoarticular pathology at the Federal Center for Traumatology, Orthopedics and Endoprosthetics of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Cheboksary). Patients showed such indirect signs of PE as discshaped atelectasis of lung tissues, expansion of diameter of pulmonary trunk and right pulmonary artery, signs of congestion in pulmonary circulation and pulmonary hypertension. Direct radiological signs included occlusion of a branch of pulmonary artery by thrombus.

Results: in 91% of examined patients, occlusion of branch of pulmonary artery by thrombus was detected, in 82% of cases - the defeat of branches of right pulmonary artery. Embolism at the level of lobar arteries was detected in 30%, segmental branches - in 60% of patients; signs of pulmonary embolism of one of subsegmental branches of right pulmonary artery - in one patient (10%). Bilateral thrombosis was observed in two patients, including massive bilateral PE in one case. One patient had discoid atelectasis of lung tissues. Expansion of diameter of pulmonary trunk and right pulmonary artery was observed in 78% of patients with PE, signs of congestion in pulmonary circulation - in 27% of cases, pulmonary hypertension - in 73% of cases.

Conclusion: visualization of direct and indirect signs of pulmonary embolism during computed pulmonary angiography confirmed the diagnosis in all examined patients. The detection of blood clots in pulmonary arteries themselves is the main criterion in making the final diagnosis.

References

1.     Nikolaev NS, Trofimov NA, Kachaeva ZA, et al. Prevention and treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism in traumatology and orthopedics. Tutorial. Cheboksary: Publishing house of the Chuvash University, 2020; 108 [In Russ].

2.     Krivosheeva EN, Komarov AL, Shakhnovich RM, et al. Clinical analysis of a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome and submassive pulmonary embolism. Aterotromboz. 2018; (1): 76-87 [In Russ].

https://doi.org/10.21518/2307-1109-2018-1-76-87

3.     Hepburn-Brown M, Darvall J, Hammerschlag G. Acute pulmonary embolism: a concise review of diagnosis and management. Internal Medicine Journal. 2019; 49(1): 15-27.

https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.14145

4.     Ostapenko EN, Novikova NP. Pulmonary embolism: modern approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Ekstrennaya meditsina. 2013; 1(5): 84-110 [In Russ].

5.     Sinyukova AS, Kiseleva LP, Kupaeva VA. A clinical case of recurrent pulmonary embolism and the complexity of the diagnostic search. Sovremennaya meditsina: aktual'nye voprosy. 2015; (42-43): 24-31 [In Russ].

6.     Bagrova IV, Kukharchik GA, Serebryakova VI, et al. Modern approaches to the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Flebologiya. 2012; 6(4): 35-42 [In Russ].

7.     Kuznetsov AB, Boyarinov GA. Early diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (review). Sovremennye tekhnologii v meditsine. 2016; 8(4): 330-336 [In Russ].

8.     Bershteyn LL. Pulmonary embolism: clinical manifestations and diagnosis in the light of the new recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology. Kardiologiya. 2015; 55(4): 111-119 [In Russ].

https://doi.org/10.18565/cardio.2015.4.111-119

9.     Sakharyuk AP, Shimko VV, Tarasyuk ES, et al. Pulmonary embolism in clinical practice. Byulleten' fiziologii i patologii dykhaniya. 2015; (55): 48-53 [In Russ].

10.   M Al-hinnawi A-R. Computer-Aided Detection, Pulmonary Embolism, Computerized Tomography Pulmonary Angiography: Current Status. Intech Open. 2019; 19.

http://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79339

11.   Gilyarov MYu, Konstantinova EV. How do new approaches to the treatment of pulmonary embolism affect disease outcome? Meditsinskiy sovet. 2017; (7): 48-55 [In Russ].

https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2017-7-48-55

12.   Konstantinides S. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. Heart J. 2014; (35): 3033-3080.

13.   Tagalakis V, Patenaude V, Kahn SR, Suissa S. Incidence of and mortality from venous thromboembolism in a real-world population: the Q-VTE Study Cohort. Am J Med. 2013; 126(832): 13-21.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.02.024

Abstract:

Introduction: renal arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a pathological communication between renal arteries and veins, both acquired and congenital. Congenital AVMs of kidneys, on average, remain asymptomatic for up to 30-40 years, occurring mainly in women, may manifest with hematuria and pain. Nephrectomy is known to be historical method of treating AVM of the kidney, however, with the development of angiographic instrumentation, endovascular methods of treatment began to be introduced into practice more often.

Case report: a 30-year-old female patient with ongoing recurrent bleeding from the urogenital tract. Performed preoperative examination: laboratory tests, cystoscopy, ultrasound, multispiral computed tomography. Patient underwent angiography followed by embolization of kidney AVM with Squid.

Results: intraoperatively, it was noted that AVM embolization is partial. During the first day of the observation period, the presence of postembolization syndrome in the form of hyperthermia, pain and dysuric syndromes, a phenomenon of systemic reaction according to laboratory tests were noted. After 1,5 months, patient was hospitalized for second stage of embolizaion, but during angiography it appeared, that AVM is totally embolized.

Conclusions: renal artery embolization in patients with renal arteriovenous malformations is a minimally invasive, effective method of treatment.

1. The process of selective embolization is controlled and can be used as an independent method of treatment.

2. Due to selective catheterization of arteries and the infusion of agent directly into the affected area, segmental infarction occurs, as a result of which there is minimal destruction of the healthy part of the kidney parenchyma, the function of the kidney will not suffer.

References

1.     Kenny DPN, Egizi T, Camp R. Cirsoid renal arteriovenous malformation. Applied Radiology. 2016; 45: 35-37.

2.     Mukendi AM, Rauf A, Doherty S, et al. Renal arteriovenous malformation: An unusual pathology. SA Journal of Radiolog. 2019: 23(1).

3.     Rosen RJ, Ryles TS: Arterial venous malformations. In Vascular disease. Surgical and Interventional Therapy Volume 2. Edited by: Strandness DE, Van Breda A. New York, Churchill Livingstone; 1994:1121-37.

4.     Neeraj V, Cinosh M, Kim JM, et al. Massive hematuria due to congenital renal arteriovenous malformation successfully treated by renal artery embolization. J Assoc Phys India. 2018; 66: 78-80.

5.     Sorokin NI. Superselective renal artery occlusion. Diss. doct. med. sciences. M., 2015; 346 [In Russ].

Abstract:

Introduction: treatment of patients with primary malignant neoplasms (PMN) of head and neck remains an unsolved problem. About 70% of neoplasms are unresectable, and one-year mortality rate reaches 90%.

Aim: was to demonstrate possibilities of using the technique of isolated chemoperfusion of head and neck (ICPHN) developed by us in the experiment.

Material and methods: ICPHN was performed using the method of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) on two non-human primates (hamadryas baboons), 20 kg males, 12–14 years old. The open version of intervention involved performing sternotomy, cannulation of brachiocephalic arteries (BCA) and superior vena cava (SVC) with their subsequent clamping after starting parallel ECMO. The endovascular version was made by overlapping the BCA and SVC with transfemorally inserted balloon catheters. Cannulation for ECMO was performed percutaneously through the axillary artery and vein. Perfusion was carried out for 30 minutes with a chemotherapy (CP) drug carboplatin at a dose of 150 mg injected immediately into the circuit.

Results: both procedures were carried out successfully with good immediate and long-term (30 days of follow-up) results. After 10, 20 and 30 minutes from the moment of CP injection into the isolated circuit, its content in the circuit was 7-10 times, 3-3,5 times and 4-4,5 times exceeding the concentration in the systemic circulation, respectively. During the perioperative period, vital functions and laboratory parameters were within normal limits. No complications associated with both procedures were observed. All animals quickly recovered from anesthesia without signs of neurological disorders.

Conclusions: the use of isolated chemoperfusion of head and neck with carboplatin in the experiment is feasible and safe. In the head and neck contour, the concentration of CP is observed, 3-5 times higher than in the systemic circulation, and that allows a more pronounced targeted effect on tumor. Taking into account the minimally invasiveness and repeatability of the procedure, the use of endovascular isolated chemoperfusion of head and neck is more promising.

References

1.     Vleeschouwer SD. Glioblastoma. Brisbane. Codon Publications. 2017; 678.

2.     Maghami E. Multidisciplinary Care of the head and neck cancer patient. Springer International Publishing. 2018; 282.

3.     Srinivasan VM, Lang FF, Chen SR, et al. Advances in endovascular neuro-oncology: endovascular selective intra-arterial (ESIA) infusion of targeted biologic therapy for brain tumors. J Neurointerv Surg. 2020; 12(2): 197-203.

4.     Newton HB. Intra-arterial chemotherapy of primary brain tumors. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2005; 6(6): 519-530.

5.     Klopp CT, Alford TG, Bateman J, et al. Fractionated intra-arterial chemotherapy with methyl bis amine hydrochloride; a preliminary report. Ann Surg. 1950; 4: 811-832.

6.     Creech O, Krementz ET, Ryan RF, et al. Chemotherapy of сancer: regional perfusion utilizing an extracorporeal circuit. Ann Surg. 1958; 4: 616-632.

7.     Woodhall B, Hall K, Mahaley S, et. al. Chemotherapy of brain cancer: experimental and clinical studies in localized hypothermic perfusion. Ann Surg. 1959; 4: 640-651.

8.     Feind CR, Herter F, Markowitz A. Improvements in isolation head perfusion. Am J Surg. 1963; 5: 777-782.

Abstract:

Introduction: basilar artery thrombosis (BAT) is the cause of about 1% of ischemic strokes (IS). About 27% of strokes in posterior circulation are associated with BAT. Mortality in BAT without recanalization reaches 85-95%. In 80.7% of patients with BAT at the onset of disease a decrease in level of consciousness is observed, in 34% of them – coma.

Aim: was to show the possibility of performing thrombectomy (TE) in patients with BAT and reduced level of consciousness as the only effective way to prevent death in this pathology.

Materials and methods: two case reports of successful TE from basilar artery in patients with IS and decrease in level of wakefulness to coma, are presented.

Results: article describes two successful cases of TE in patients with angiographically confirmed BAT and decrease in the level of consciousness to moderate coma at the onset of disease. In two presented patients, TE made a complete restoration of BA blood flow. Good clinical outcomes were noted in both patients by 90th day of disease (modified Rankin scale 0-2 points). The Rivermead mobility index at discharge from hospital was 14 points, and the Bartel index by 90th day – complete independence from others in everyday life (from 90 to 100 points), and that once again indicates that TE in BAT is not only a life-saving procedure, but significantly improves functional and clinical outcomes of disease.

Conclusions: basilar artery thrombosis is a life-threatening condition that requires urgent reperfusion therapy as the only effective method of treatment. Endovascular treatment for basilar artery thrombosis should be considered in all patients, regardless the decrease in the level of consciousness at the onset of disease, because thrombectomy is a life-saving procedure.

References 

1.     Reinemeyer NE, Tadi P, Lui F. Basilar Artery Thrombosis. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; January 31, 2021. Available at:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532241/

2.     Ekker MS, Boot EM, Singhal AB, et al. Epidemiology, aetiology, and management of ischaemic stroke in young adults. Lancet Neurol. 2018; 17(9): 790-801.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30233-3

3.     Ikram A, Zafar A. Basilar Artery Infarct. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; August 10, 2020. Available at:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551854/

4.     Gory B, Mazighi M, Labreuche J, et al. Predictors for Mortality after Mechanical Thrombectomy of Acute Basilar Artery Occlusion. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018; 45(1-2): 61-67.

https://doi.org/10.1159/000486690

5.     Writing Group for the BASILAR Group, Zi W, Qiu Z, et al. Assessment of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Basilar Artery Occlusion via a Nationwide Prospective Registry. JAMA Neurol. 2020; 77(5): 561-573.

https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.0156

6.     Bracard S, Ducrocq X, Mas JL, et al. Mechanical thrombectomy after intravenous alteplase versus alteplase alone after stroke (THRACE): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2016; 15(11): 1138-1147.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30177-6

7.     Liu Z, Liebeskind DS. Basilar Artery Occlusion and Emerging Treatments. Semin Neurol. 2021; 41(1): 39-45.

https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1722638

8.     Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: 2019 Update to the 2018 Guidelines for the Early Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2019; 50(12): 344-418.

https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000211

9.     Baik SH, Park HJ, Kim JH, et al. Mechanical Thrombectomy in Subtypes of Basilar Artery Occlusion: Relationship to Recanalization Rate and Clinical Outcome. Radiology. 2019; 291(3): 730-737.

https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2019181924

10.   Weber R, Minnerup J, Nordmeyer H, et al. Thrombectomy in posterior circulation stroke: differences in procedures and outcome compared to anterior circulation stroke in the prospective multicentre REVASK registry. Eur J Neurol. 2019; 26(2): 299-305.

https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.13809

11.   Kang DH, Jung C, Yoon W, et al. Endovascular Thrombectomy for Acute Basilar Artery Occlusion: A Multicenter Retrospective Observational Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018; 7(14): 009419.

https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.009419

12.   Liu X, Dai Q, Ye R, et al. Endovascular treatment versus standard medical treatment for vertebrobasilar artery occlusion (BEST): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2020; 19(2): 115-122.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30395-3

13.   Potter JK, Clemente JD, Asimos AW. Hyperdense basilar artery identified on unenhanced head CT in three cases of pediatric basilar artery occlusion. Am J Emerg Med. 2021; 42: 221-224.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.11.055

Abstract:

Introduction: congenital portosystemic venous shunts (CPVS) are rare vascular abnormalities that occur secondary to abnormal development or involution of fetal vasculature. They allow intestinal blood to enter the systemic circulation, bypassing the liver, which in the long term leads to various symptoms and complications. Today, thanks to advanced imaging techniques, the number of reported cases of CPVS is increasing, although for the most part these are single clinical cases or reports summarizing small series of cases. The overall incidence of CPVS is estimated at 1:30 000 births and 1:50 000 for those persisting beyond early childhood.

Material and methods: article consists of 44 foreign literature sources, that  highlight pathogenesis, classification, clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of CPVS.

Conclusion: early diagnosis and correction of this anomaly using any (endovascular or surgical) occlusion regresses symptoms and prevents long-term complications. At present, given the rarity of this pathology, there is no large statistical analysis and no standards, developed for the management of this category of patients. However, further collection of material, an emphasis on the pathophysiology and anatomy of these lesions, will help to provide more effective care for patients with congenital portosystemic venous shunts.

References

1.     Kim MJ, Ko JS, Seo JK, et al. Clinical features of congenital portosystemic shunt in children. Eur J Pediatr. 2012; 171(2): 395-400.

2.     Florio F, Nardella M, Balzano S, et al. Congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1998; 21(5): 421-424.

3.     Baiges A, Turon F, Simуn-Talero M, et al. Congenital Extrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts (Abernethy Malformation): An International Observational Study. Hepatology. 2020; 71(2): 658-669.

https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.30817

4.     Ольхова Е.Б., Туманян Г.T., Венгерская Г.В. и др. Мальформация Абернети у новорожденных. Эхографическая диагностика. Радиология-практика. 2015; 5(54): 46-58.

Olkhova EB, Tumanyan GT, Hungarian GV, et al. Abernathy malformation in newborns. Echographic diagnostics. Radiology-practice. 2015; 5 (54): 46-58 [In Russ].

5.     Малышева Е.Б., Захарова Е.М., Рыхтик П.И., Жулина Н.И. Мальформация Абернетти - редкая причина гемодинамического цирроза печени. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. Приложение. 2017; 27(1) S49; 48.

Malysheva EB, Zakharova EM, Rykhtik PI, Zhulina NI. Abernetty's malformation is a rare cause of hemodynamic cirrhosis of the liver. Russian journal of gastroenterology, hepatology, coloproctology. Application. 2017; 27(1) S49; 48 [In Russ].

6.     Abernethy J. Account of two instances of uncommon formation in the viscera of the human body. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1793; 83: 59-66.

7.     Sokollik C, Bandsma RH, Gana JC, et al. Congenital portosystemic shunt: characterization of a multisystem disease. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2013; 56(6): 675-681.

8.     Gu?rin F, Blanc T, Gauthier F, et al. Congenital portosystemic vascular malformations. Semin. Pediatr. Surg. 2012; 21(3): 233-244.

9.     Bernard O, Franchi-Abella S, Branchereau S, et al. Congenital portosystemic shunts in children: recognition, evaluation, and management. Semin Liver Dis. 2012; 32(4): 273-287.

10.   Lin ZY, Chen SC, Hsieh MY, et al. Incidence and clinical significance of spontaneous intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunts detected by sonography in adults without potential cause. J Clin Ultrasound. 2006; 34(1): 22-26.

11.   Gitzelmann R, Forster I, Willi UV. Hypergalactosaemia in a newborn: self-limiting intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunt. Eur J Pediatr. 1997; 156: 719-722.

12.   Ponziani FR, Faccia M, Zocco MA, et al. Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt: description of four cases and review of the literature. J Ultrasound. 2019; 22(3): 349-358.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40477-018-0329-y

13.   De Paula Oliveira GJ, Ferreira S, Barbosa A. Abernethy Malformation – Congenital Extra-hepatic Portosystemic Shunt Associated with Multiple Liver Adenomatosis: Case Report. Universal Journal of Public Health. 2019; 7(3): 129-137.

14.   Nagata H, Yamamura K, Ikeda K. Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration for congenital portosystemic venous shunt: report of two cases. Pediatr Int. 2012; 54(3): 419-421.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200X.2011.03459.x

15.   Passalacqua M, Lie KT, Yarmohammadi H. Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt (Abernethy malformation) treated endovascularly with vascular plug shunt closure. Pediatr Surg Int. 2012; 28(1): 79-83.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00383-011-2944-y

16.   Raghuram KA, Bijulal S, Krishnamoorthy KM, Tharakan JA. Regression of pulmonary vascular disease after therapy of Abernethy malformation in visceral heterotaxy. Pediatr Cardiol. 2013; 34(8):1882-5.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-012-0428-z

17.   DiPaola F, Trout AT, Walther AE, et al. Congenital Portosystemic Shunts in Children: Associations, Complications, and Outcomes. Dig Dis Sci. 2020; 65(4): 1239-1251.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-019-05834-w

18.   Ogul H, Bayraktutan U, Yalcin A, et al. Congenital absence of the portal vein in a patient with multiple vascular anomalies. Surg Radiol Anat. 2013; 35(6): 529-534.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-012-1059-z

19.   Morgan G, Superina R. Congenital absence of the portal vein: two cases and a proposed classification system forportasystemic vascular anomalies. J Pediatr Surg. 1994; 29(9):1239-1241.

20.   Glonnegger H, Schulze M, Kathemann S, et al. Case Report: Hepatic Adenoma in a Child With a Congenital Extrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt. Front Pediatr. 2020; 8: 501.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.00501

21.   Raskin NH, Price JB, Fishman RA. Portal-systemic encephalopathy due to congenital intrahepatic shunts. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1964; 270: 225-229.

22.   Park JH, Cha SH, Han JK, Han MC. Intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunt. Am J Roentgenol. 1990; 155: 527-528.

23.   Senocak E, O?uz B, Edgьer T, Cila A. Congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt with variant inferior right hepatic vein. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2008; 14: 97-99.

24.   Niwa T, Aida N, Tachibana K, et al. Congenital absence of the portal vein: clinical and radiologic findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2002; 26(5): 681-6.

https://doi.org/10.1097/00004728-200209000-00003

25.   Kobayashi N, Niwa T, Kirikoshi H, et al. Clinical classification of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Hepatol Res. 2010; 40(6): 585-93.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1872-034X.2010.00667.x

26.   Benedict M, Rodriguez-Davalos M, Emre S, et al. Congenital Extrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (Abernethy Malformation Type Ib) With Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Case Report and Literature Review. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2017; 20(4): 354-362.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1093526616686458

27.   Kroencke T, Murnauer M, Jordan FA, et al. Radioembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Arising in the Setting of a Congenital Extrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (Abernethy Malformation). Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2018; 41(8): 1285-1290.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-018-1965-5

28.   Alonso-Gamarra E, Parr?n M, P?rez A, et al. Clinical and radiologic manifestations of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts: a comprehensive review. Radiographics. 2011; 31(3): 707-722.

https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.313105070

29.   Brasoveanu V, Ionescu MI, Grigorie R, et al. Living Donor Liver Transplantation for Unresectable Liver Adenomatosis Associated with Congenital Absence of Portal Vein: A Case Report and Literature Review. Am J Case Rep. 2015; 16: 637-644.

https://doi.org/10.12659/AJCR.895235

30.   Duprey J, Gouin B, Benazet MF, le Gal J. Glucose intolerance and post-stimulative hypoglycaemia secondary to congenital intra-hepatic porto-caval anastomosis. Annales de Medecine Interne. 1985; 136(8): 655-658.

31.   Watanabe A. Portal-systemic encephalopathy in non-chirrotic patients: classification of clinical types, diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2000; 15(9): 969-979.

32.   Murray CP, Yoo SJ, Babyn PS. Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Pediatric Radiology. 2003; 33(9): 614-620.

33.   Nishimura Y, Tajima G, Dwi Bahagia A, et al. Differential diagnosis of neonatal mild hypergalactosaemia detected by mass screening: clinical significance of portal vein imaging. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 2004; 27(1): 11-18.

34.   Eroglu Y, Donaldson J, Sorensen LG, et al. Improved neurocognitive function after radiologic closure of congenital portosystemic shunts. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2004; 39(4): 410-417.

35.   Emre S, Amon R, Cohen E, et al. Resolution of hepatopulmonary syndrome after auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation in Abernethy malformation. A case report. Liver Transplantation. 2007; 13(12): 1662-1668.

36.   Kim MJ, Ko JS, Seo JK, et al. Clinical features of congenital portosystemic shunt in children. European Journal of Pediatrics. 2012; 171(2): 395-400.

37.   Timpanaro T, Passanisi S, Sauna A, et al. Congenital portosystemic shunt: our experience. Case Rep Pediatr. 2015; 691618.

https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/691618

38.   Chocarro G, Amesty MV, Encinas JL, et al. Congenital Portosystemic Shunts: Clinic Heterogeneity Requires an Individual Management of the Patient. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2016; 26(1): 74-80.

https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1566097

39.   Achiron R, Kivilevitch Z. Fetal umbilical-portal-systemic venous shunt: in utero classification and clinical significance. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2016; 47: 739-747.

https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.14906

40.   Franchi-Abella S, Gonzales E, Ackermann O, et al. Congenital portosystemic shunts: diagnosis and treatment. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2018; 43(8): 2023-2036.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-018-1619-8

41.   Musa J, Madani K, Saliaj K, et al. Asymptomatic presentation of a congenital malformation of the portal vein with portosystemic shunt. Radiol Case Rep. 2020; 15(10): 2009-2014.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radcr.2020.07.076

42.   Back SJ, Maya CL, Khwaja A. Ultrasound of congenital and inherited disorders of the pediatric hepatobiliary system, pancreas and spleen. Pediatr Radiol. 2017; 47: 1069-1078.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-017-3869-y

43.   Nam HD. Living-donor liver transplantation for Abernethy malformation - case report and review of literature. Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2020; 24(2): 203-208.

https://doi.org/10.14701/ahbps.2020.24.2.203

44.   Papamichail M, Pizanias M, Heaton N. Congenital portosystemic venous shunt. Eur J Pediatr. 2018; 177(3): 285-294.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-017-3058-x

Abstract:

Introduction: pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a pathophysiological syndrome that can occur in a variety of clinical conditions. Percutaneous balloon dilatation and stent implantation are methods for creating or expanding atrial communication in a variety of conditions to improve cardiac output. It should be kept in mind that creation of an inadequate size of the shunt leads to an excess of right-left shunt, worsening of pulmonary blood flow, severe hypoxemia, and acute left ventricular failure. Possibility of a calculated determination of required size of shunt in the interatrial septum will increase the effectiveness and safety of atrioseptostomy, which is especially important in this severe category of patients.

Aim: to substantiate a method of determining of optimal diameter of the atrial communication during atrioseptostomy in patients with PAH for increase of exercise tolerance, prevention of syncope and reducing the risk of sudden death.

Materials and methods: the choice of the diameter of the interatrial communication during atrioseptostomy operation in patients with PAH is as follows: before the operation, patient undergoes an invasive measurement of pressure in right and left atrium and determination of stroke volume of left ventricle. Then calculation the diameter of the interatrial communication according to the formula is performed. We performed calculation according to presented formula in 4 patients with PAH. In 2 patients, a fenestrated occluder was implanted, in 1 patient atrial septum stenting was performed, and 1 patient underwent open atrioseptostomy.

Results: in all patients after atrioseptostomy, an improvement in quality of life was observed: decreased dyspnea, increased exercise tolerance, decreased edema of lower limbs, and the absence of syncopal conditions. Thus, after the operation, there was a positive dynamics in clinical status of patients, indicators of test with a six-minute walk, as well as changes in echocardiographic indicators: a decrease in the size of the right ventricle and square area of right atrium, an increase in the end-diastolic size of the left ventricle, which indicates an improvement in function of both ventricles.

Conclusion: a mathematical model based on principles of intracardiac hemodynamics, demonstrates the importance of choosing of size of foramen to create a certain Qp/Qs. Size of foramen, depending on the pressure in atrium, in conditions of high pulmonary hypertension has a small range of values (from 6 to 8 mm). Therefore, the use of the 7 mm size, previously obtained empirically by other authors, is physically justified. Our first experience testifies to applicability of the developed model, but due to the small number of observations associated with the rarity of the pathology, it requires further research.

Referenses 

1.     Micheletti A, Hislop AA, Lammers A, et al. Role of atrial septostomy in the treatment of children with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Heart. 2006; 92: 969-72.

http://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2005.077669

2.     Baglini R, Scardulla C., Reduction of a previous atrial septostomy in a patient with end-stage pulmonary hypertension by a manually fenestrated device. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2010; 11(4).

http://doi.org/10.1016/j.carrev.2009.11.005

3.     St?mper O, Gewillig M, Vettukattil J, et al. Modified technique of stent fenestration of the atrial septum. Heart. 2003; 89: 1227-30.

http://doi.org/10.1136/heart.89.10.1227

4.     Sivaprakasam M, Kiesewetter C, Veldtman GR, et al. New technique for fenestration of the interatrial septum. J Interv Cardiol. 2006; 19: 334-6.

5.     Alekyan BG, Pursanov MG. Atrial septal stenting. Textbook of endovascular surgery for cardiovascular diseases. AN Bakulev National Medical Research Center of Cardiovascular Surgery. 2008; 2: 57-65 [In Russ].

6.     Gorbachevsky SV, Belkina MV, Pursanov MG, et al. Atrial septostomy as a long bridge to lung transplantation in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2012; 53(2): 11 [In Russ].

7.     Alekyan BG, Gorbachevskiy SV, Pursanov MG, et al. Atrial septal stenting with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. AN Bakulev National Medical Research Center of Cardiovascular Surgery. Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2016; 58(5): 258-314 [In Russ].

8.     Pardaev DB, Alekyan BG, Gorbachevskiy SV, et al. Atrioseptostomy with atrial septum stenting in patients with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. AN Bakulev National Medical Research Center of Cardiovascular Surgery. 2017 [In Russ].

9.     Weimar T, Watanabe Y, Kazui T, et al. Impact of differential right-to-left shunting on systemic perfusion in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2013; 81(5): 888-95.

http://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.24458

10.   Sandoval J, Arroyo JG, Gaspar J, et al. Interventional and surgical therapeutic strategies for pulmonary arterial hypertension: Beyond palliative treatments. J. Cardiol. 2015; 66: 304-4.

http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2015.02.001

11.   Lammers AE, Derrick G, Haworth SG, et al. Efficacy and long-term patency of fenestrated Amplatzer devices in children. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2007; 70(4): 578-84.

http://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.21216

12.   Shmaltc АА, Nishonov NА. Atrioseptostomy in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Thorax and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2015; 57(5): 18-25 [In Russ].

13.   Chiu JS, Zuckerman WA, Turner ME, et al. Balloon atrial septostomy in pulmonary arterial hypertension: effect on survival and associated outcomes. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015; 34(3): 376-380.

http://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2015.01.004

14.   Hirsch R, Bagby MC, Zussman ME. Fenestrated ASD closure in a child with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension and exercise desaturation. Congenit Heart Dis. 2011; 6(2): 162-166.

http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0803.2010.00472.x

15.   Kurzyna M, Dabrowski M, Bielecki D, et al. Atrial septostomy in treatment of end-stage right heart failure in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 2007; 131(4): 977-983.

http://doi.org/10.1378/chest.06-1227

16.   Patel MB, Samuel BP, Girgis RE, et al. Implantable atrial flow regulator for severe, irreversible pulmonary arterial hypertension. EuroIntervention. 2015; 11(6): 706-709.

http://doi.org/10.4244/EIJY15M07_08

17.   Kapoor A, Khanna R, Batra A, et al. Inoue balloon atrial septostomy in severe persistent pulmonary hypertension following surgical ASD closure. J Cardiol Cases. 2012; 6(1): 1-3.

http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jccase.2012.02.002

18.   Rajeshkumar R, Pavithran S, Sivakumar K, et al. Atrial septostomy with a predefined diameter using a novel occlutech atrial flow regulator improves symptoms and cardiac index in patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2017; 90(7): 1145-1153.

http://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.27233

19.   Baglini R, Scardulla C. Reduction of a previous atrial septostomy in a patient with end-stage pulmonary hypertension by a manually fenestrated device. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2010; 11(4).

http://doi.org/10.1016/j.carrev.2009.11.005

20.   Alekyan BG, Gorbachevsky SV, Pursanov MG, et al. Stenting of the interatrial septum for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. J. Invasive Cardiol. 2015 [In Russ].

21.   Koval PV. Hydraulics and hydraulic lines of mining machines: Textbook for universities in the specialty «Mining machines and complexes». Engineering. 1979.

Abstract:

Aim: was to study in-hospital results of high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with extracorporeal circulatory support.

Material and methods: a single center, retrospective study was performed in 49 adult patients undergoing high-risk PCI with mechanical circulatory support (cardiopulmonary bypass - CPB and еxtracorporeal membrane oxygenation – ECMO) performed in high-risk patients with acute coronary syndrome, multiple coronary lesions and impaired ejection fraction between 2011 to 2019. Mean age was 64,4±6,7 years. Previous myocardial infarction had 38(77%) patients, 18(37%) patients had a history of previous cardiac surgery. In 18(37%) patients, ejection fraction (Simpson) was less than 30%. Mean value of the left main (LM) artery stenosis was 74,6±8,9%, while combined with occlusion or subocclusion right coronary artery (RCA) in 38(77%) patients. Multivessel coronary lesion had 42(86%) patients (average SYNTAX Score was 42,1±11,5 points)

Results: 17 patients (35%) underwent high-risk PCI under preventional mechanical circulatory support with CPB. Myocardial infarction, strokes, stent thrombosis, limb ischemia, lethal outcomes were not observed in these patients. 7(14%) patients were admitted to the Cath Lab with myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock, in 3 patients – with pulmonary edema. 12(24%) patients after previous heart surgery were admitted to the Cath Lab after cardiopulmonary resuscitation on extracorporeal circulatory support, four of them (8%) with ongoing chest compressions. In 6(12%) patients, during CAG/PCI, critical hemodynamic instability was observed, induced by incurable cardiac arrhythmias required an emergency extracorporeal support. Average time of extracorporeal circulatory support was 128,62±92,4 min. Complications associated with CPB and ECMO were not observed. Two patients (4%) had stroke in the postoperative period. Hospital mortality was 17(34,7%) patients.

Conclusion: extracorporeal circulatory supports provide good life maintenance for high-risk PCI and an possibility for emergency PCI in extreme clinical situations.

References

1.     Phillips S, Zeff R, Kongtahworn C, et al. Percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass: application and indication for use. Ann Thorac Surg. 1989; 47: 121-123.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(89)90252-x

2.     Taub J, L'Hommedieu B, Raithel S, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for percutaneous coronary angioplasty in high risk patients. ASAIO. Trans. 1989. 35(3): 664-6.

https://doi.org/10.1097/00002480-198907000-00161

3.     Rihal C, Naidu S, et al. Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI); Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA); Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS);American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC). 2015 SCAI/ACC/HFSA/STS Clinical Expert Consensus Statement on the Use of Percutaneous Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices in Cardiovascular Care: Endorsed by the American Heart Assocation, the Cardiological Society of India, and Sociedad Latino Americana de Cardiologia Intervencion; Affirmation of Value by the Canadian Association of Interventional Cardiology-Association Canadienne de Cardiologied 'intervention. J Am Coll.Cardiol. 2015; 65(19): 7-26.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.03.036

4.     Wijns W, Kolh P, Danchin N, et al. Guidelines on myocardial revascularization: The Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur. Heart J. 2010; 31: 2501-2555.

https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehq277

5.     Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann F, et al. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (IABP-SHOCK II): final 12 month results of a randomized, open-label trial. Lancet. 2013; 382: 1638-1645.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61783-3

6.     O’Gara P, Kushner F, Ascheim D, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 61: 78-140.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.11.019

7.     Windecker S, Kolh P, Alfonso F, et al. 2014 ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization: the Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) developed with the special contribution of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI). Eur Heart J. 2014; 35: 2541-2619.

https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu278

8.     De Waha S, Desch S, Eitel I, et al. Reprint of «intraaortic balloon countrpulsation – basic principles and clinical evidence». Vascul Pharmacol. 2014; 61: 30-34.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2014.03.002

9.     Aggarwal B, Aman W, Jeroudi O, Kleiman N. Mechanical Circulatory Support in High-Risk Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2018; 14(1): 23-31.

https://doi.org/10.14797/mdcj-14-1-23

10.   Jones H, Kalisetti D, Gaba M, et al. Left ventricular assist for high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention. J Invasive Cardiol. 2012; 24(10): 544-50.

11.   Zeymer U, Vogt A. Predictors of in-hospital mortality in 1333 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Eur Heart J. 2004; 25: 322-328.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehj.2003.12.008

12.   Nichol G, Karmy-Jones R, Salerno C, et al. Systematic review of percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass for cardiac arrest or cardiogenic shock states. Resuscitation. 2006; 70: 381-394.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.01.018

13.   Takayama H, Truby L, Koekort M, et al. Clinical outcome of mechanical circulatory support for refractory cardiogenic shock in the current era. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2013; 32: 106-111.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2012.10.005

14.   Ternus B, Jentzer J, Bohman K, et al. Initiation of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory: The Mayo Clinic Experience. J Invasive Cardiol. 2020; 32(2): 64-69.

15.   O'Neill W, Schreiber T, Wohns D, et al. The current use of Impella 2.5 in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: results from the USpella Registry. J Interv Cardiol. 2014; 27(1): 1-11.

https://doi.org/10.1111/joic.12080

16.   Atkinson T, Ohman E, O'Neill W, et al. Interventional Scientific Council of the American College of Cardiology. A Practical Approach to Mechanical Circulatory Support in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: An Interventional Perspective. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2016; 9(9): 871-83.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2016.02.046

17.   Ganyukov VI, Popov VA, Shukevich DL. Hospital outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention with biventricular circulatory support in combination with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Kardiologiya i serdechno-sosudistaya hirurgiya. 2014; 1: 15-20 [In Russ].

18.   Bazylev VV, Evdokimov ME, Pantyuhina MA, Morozov ZA. Cardiopulmonary bypass for high-risk percutaneous coronary interventions. Angiologiya i sosudistaya hirurgiya. 2016; 22: 112-118 [In Russ].

Abstract:

Introduction: up to the present day, there were no published multicenter randomized researches, that could compare combined concept of thrombectomy, including different methods of stent-retrievers traction with elements of aspiration and thrombolysis. There is no data on the effect of embolic complications after extraction of thrombus from cerebral arteries on outcomes of treatment.

Aim: was to increase the effectiveness of treatment of patients with ischemic stroke basing on a comparison of results of various methods of endovascular thrombectomy from cerebral vessels and intravenous thrombolysis, and on the base of assessment of effect of distal embolism on treatment outcomes in acute period of ischemic stroke.

Materials and methods: we carried out statistical analysis of results of different methods of thrombectomy in 75 patients and intravenous thrombolysis in 75 patients in acute phase of ischemic stroke. Effect of embolic complications after thrombectomy on outcomes of treatment of ischemic stroke was determined.

Results: groups of patients were comparable in age, neurological deficit, sex, localization and stroke subtype. The first group is burdened by the proportion of documented cerebral artery occlusion, diabetes mellitus and ischemic stroke in anamnesis. Differences in deaths and disability rates were not reliable. Thrombectomy demonstrated neurological deficit regression at all evaluation intervals, as well as the superiority of 2 times at achievement of functionally independent outcome in comparison with intravenous thrombolysis group.

Conclusions: a concept to thrombectomy, that supposes different methods of use of stent-retrievers and aspiration demonstrates better functional outcomes in treatment of ischemic stroke in the acute phase compared with intravenous thrombolysis. Embolic complications of reperfusion treatment adversely affect ischemic stroke outcomes and should be considered as a factor requiring minimization.

References

1.     Domashenko MA, Maksimova MY, Gafarova ME et al. The personification of reperfusion therapy approaches for ischemic stroke. Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology. 2017;11(1):7-13 [In Russ].

2.     Powers W, Rabinstein A, Ackerson T et al. 2018 Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018; 49(3):e46-e99.

https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000158

3.     Sandercock P, Wardlaw JM, Lindley RI et al.; IST-3 collaborative group. The benefits and harms of intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator within 6 h of acute ischemic stroke (the third international stroke trial [IST-3]): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2012;379(9834):2352-2363.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60768-5

4.     Riedel C, Zimmermann P, Jensen-Kondering U et al. The Importance of Size: successful recanalization by intravenous thrombolysis in acute anterior stroke depends on thrombus length. Stroke. 2011;42(6):1775-1777.

https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.609693

5.     Kharitonova T, Ahmed N, Thoren M et al. Hyperdense Middle Cerebral Artery Sign on Admission CT Scan – Prognostic Significance for Ischaemic Stroke Patients Treated with Intravenous Thrombolysis in the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke International Stroke Thrombolysis Register. Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2008;27(1): 51-59.

https://doi.org/10.1159/000172634

6.     Thomalla G, Kruetzelmann A, Siemonsen S et al. Clinical and Tissue Response to Intravenous Thrombolysis in Tandem Internal Carotid Artery/Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. Stroke. 2008;39(5):1616-1618.

https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.504951

7.     Turc G, Bhogal P, Fischer U et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) – European Society for Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy (ESMINT) guidelines on mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery. 2019;11(6):535-538.

https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014568

8.     Fransen P, Berkhemer O, Lingsma H et al. Time to Reperfusion and Treatment Effect for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurology. 2016;73(2):190-196.

https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.3886

9.     Goyal M, Demchuk A, Menon B et al. Randomized Assessment of Rapid Endovascular Treatment of Ischemic Stroke. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;372(11): 1019-1030.

https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1414905

10.   Campbell B, Mitchell P, Kleinig T et al. Endovascular Therapy for Ischemic Stroke with Perfusion-Imaging Selection. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;372(11): 1009-1018.

https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1414792

11.   Bracard S, Ducrocq X, Mas J et al. Mechanical thrombectomy after intravenous alteplase versus alteplase alone after stroke (THRACE): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Neurology. 2016;15(11):1138-1147.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30177-6

12.   Jovin T, Chamorro A, Cobo E et al. Thrombectomy within 8 Hours after Symptom Onset in Ischemic Stroke. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;372(24):2296-2306.

https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1503780

13.   Muir K, Ford G, Messow C et al. Endovascular therapy for acute ischaemic stroke: the Pragmatic Ischaemic Stroke Thrombectomy Evaluation (PISTE) randomised, controlled trial. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2016;88(1):38-44.

https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2016-314117

14.   Saver J, Goyal M, Bonafe A et al. Stent-Retriever Thrombectomy after Intravenous t-PA vs. t-PA Alone in Stroke. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;372(24):2285-2295.

https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1415061

15.   McCarthy D, Diaz A, Sheinberg D et al. Long-Term Outcomes of Mechanical Thrombectomy for Stroke: A Meta-Analysis. The Scientific World Journal. 2019; 2019:1-9.

https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7403104

16.   Logvinenko RL, Domashenko MA, Frantsevich AM et al. Choice of reperfusion strategy in acute period of ischemic stroke. Journal Diagnostic & interventional radiology. 2018;12(2):77-84 [In Russ].

17.   Semitko SP, Analeev AI, Azarov AV et al. Results of primary endovascular treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke and high risk or contraindication for thrombolytic therapy. Journal Diagnostic & interventional radiology. 2018;12(4):52-58. [In Russ]

18.   Kang D, Kim B, Heo J et al. Effect of balloon guide catheter utilization on contact aspiration thrombectomy. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2018;1-7.

https://doi.org/10.3171/2018.6.JNS181045

19.   Maegerlein C, Monch S, Boeckh-Behrens T et al. PROTECT: PRoximal balloon Occlusion TogEther with direCt Thrombus aspiration during stent retriever thrombectomy – evaluation of a double embolic protection approach in endovascular stroke treatment. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery. 2017;10(8):751-755.

https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2017-013558

20.   Goto S, Ohshima T, Ishikawa K et al. A Stent-Retrieving into an Aspiration Catheter with Proximal Balloon (ASAP) Technique: A Technique of Mechanical Thrombectomy. World Neurosurgery. 2018;109:e468-e475.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2017.10.004

21.   Lee D, Sung J, Kim S et al. Effective use of balloon guide catheters in reducing incidence of mechanical thrombectomy related distal embolization. Acta Neurochirurgica. 2017;159(9):1671-1677.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-017-3256-3

22.   Stampfl S, Pfaff J, Herweh C et al. Combined proximal balloon occlusion and distal aspiration: a new approach to prevent distal embolization during neurothrombectomy. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery. 2016;9(4):346-351.

https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2015-012208

23.   Maus V, Behme D, Kabbasch C et al. Maximizing First-Pass Complete Reperfusion with SAVE. Clinical Neu-roradiology. 2017;28(3):327-338.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00062-017-0566-z

24.   Jadhav A, Aghaebrahim A, Horev A et al. Stent Retriever-Mediated Manual Aspiration Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke. Interventional Neurology. 2016;6(1-2):16-24.

https://doi.org/10.1159/000449321

25.   Patent RUS №2670193/ 18.10.18. Byul. №29. Logvinenko RL, Arablinskiy AV, Domashenko MA et al. The method of endovascular combined thrombectomy from cerebral arteries. [In Russ.] Available at (23.09.2019):

http://www1.fips.ru/registers-doc-view/fips_servlet?DB=RUPAT&rn=1407&DocNum-ber=2670193&TypeFile=html

26.   Hwang Y, Kang D, Kim Y, Kim Y, Park S, Suh C. Outcome of forced-suction thrombectomy in acute intracranial internal carotid occlusion. J Neurointervent Surg. 2012;5(suppl 1):i81-i84.

https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2012-010277

27.   Turk A, Spiotta A, Frei D, Mocco J, Baxter B, Siddiqui A et al. O-002 Initial Clinical Experience with the ADAPT technique: A Direct Aspiration first Pass Technique for Stroke Thrombectomy. J Neurointervent Surg. 2013;5(Suppl 2):A1.2-A1.

https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2013-010870.2

28.   Volodukhin M.U. Roentengen-endovascular method of cerebral flow restoration in acute tandem occlusion of the internal carotid artery with embolism development in middle cerebral artery. Kazan medical journal. 2016;97(3): 457-460 [In Russ].

https://doi.org/10.17750/KMJ2016-457

29.   Geroulakos G, Ramaswami G, Nicolaides A et al. Characterization of symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid plaques using high-resolution real-time ultrasonography. British Journal of Surgery. 1993;80(10): 1274-1277.

https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800801016

30.   Adams H, Bendixen B, Kappelle L et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke. 1993;24(1):35-41.

https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.24.1.35

31.   Logvinenko RL, Kokov LS, Shabunin AV, Arablinskiy AlV, Tsurkan VA. Analysis of a modified method for combined removal of throbus from blood vessels of the brain in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. REJR. 2020; 10 (1):159-177 [In Russ].

https://doi.org/10.21569/2222-7415-2020-10-1-159-177

32.   Chen C, Parsons M, Levi C, Spratt N, Miteff F, Lin L et al. Exploring the relationship between ischemic core volume and clinical outcomes after thrombectomy or thrombolysis. Neurology. 2019;93(3):e283-e292.

https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000007768

33.   Southerland A, Johnston K. Considering hyperglycemia and thrombolysis in the Stroke Hyperglycemia Insulin Network Effort (SHINE) trial. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2012;1268(1):72-78.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06731.x

34.   Lansberg M, Thijs V, Bammer R, Kemp S, Wijman C, Marks M et al. Risk Factors of Symptomatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage After tPA Therapy for Acute Stroke. Stroke. 2007;38(8):2275-2278.

https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.106.480475

Abstract:

Article presents a case report of a 38-year-old patient who was admitted to our hospital with symptoms of acute appendicitis, she was examined and then urgently operated.

Postoperative period was complicated by clinical picture of colonic bleeding. During 1 st day of postoperative period, patient underwent a diagnostic search of bleeding source, conservative hemostatic therapy, transfusion of blood components, however, taking into consideration negative dynamics of patient's condition, laboratory test indicators, the next day, she was urgently operated: lower midline laparotomy, suturing of cecum hematoma, drainage of the abdominal cavity. Eight hours after repeated surgical treatment, against the background of transfusion of blood components, further negative dynamics of patient's condition, laboratory test indicators also worsened, medical concilium decided to perform angiography, followed by a decision on the amount of treatment intraoperatively. Selective angiography of branches of the mesenteric artery was performed, the source of bleeding was diagnosed, and a successful temporary pharmacologic endovascular hemostasis of the branch of the superior mesenteric artery was performed. Post-hemorrhagic anemia in the patient was corrected on the 3rd day after endovascular intervention, 10 days after, patient was discharged in a satisfactory condition.

The choice of the method of endovascular intervention was carried out taking into consideration the ineffective of reoperation, patient's condition, as well as peculiarities of the blood supply to the area of the alleged source of bleeding.

The study also discusses indications and methods of endovascular treatment of colonic bleeding.

References

1.     Avdos'ev JuV, Belozerov IV, Kudrevich AN. Endovascular methods for the diagnosis and treatment of acute bleeding into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. Novostihirurgii. 2018; 26 (2): 169-178 [In Russ].

2.     Soh B, Chan S. The use of super-selective mesenteric embolisation as a first-line management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Annals of Medicine and Sur­gery. 2017; 17: 27-32.

3.     Avdos'ev JuV, Bojko W. Angiography and endovascular abdominal bleeding. Ukraina: Savchuk. 2011; 648. [In Russ].

4.     Tan К К, Wong D, Sim R. Superselective Embolization for Lower Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage: An Institutional Review Over 7 Years. World J Surg. 2008; 32:2707-2715.

http://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-008-9759-6

5.     Annamalai G, Masson N, Robertson I. Acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage: investigation and treatment. Imaging. 2009; 21(2): 142-151.

6.     Urbano J, Manuel Cabrera J, Franco A, Alonso-Burgos A. Selective arterial embolization with ethylenevinyl alcohol copolymer for control of massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding: feasibility and initial experience. J Vase I nterv Radiol. 2014; 25: 839-846.

7.     Walker TG, Salazar GM, Waltman AC. Angiographic evaluation and management of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18 (11): 1191-1201.

http://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i11.1191

8.     Jang Bl. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding: is urgent colonoscopy necessary for all hematochezia? Clinical Endosc. 2013; 46: 476-479.

9.     Green ВТ, Rockey DC, Portwood G et al. Urgent colonoscopy for evaluation and management of acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005; 100: 2395-2402.

10.   Loffroy R, Falvo N, Nakai M et al. When all else fails - radiological management of severe gastrointestinal bleeding. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology. 2019; 1-9.

http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2019.04.005

11.   Shi Z X, Yang J, Liang H W et al. Emergency transcatheter arterial embolization for massive gastrointestinal arterial hemorrhage. Medicine. 2017; 96(52): 9437.

http://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000009437

12.   Nanavati S M. What if endoscopic hemostasis fails? Alternative treatment strategies: interventional radiology. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2014;43(4): 739-752.

http://doi.org/10.1016/i.gtc.2014.08.013

Abstract:

Background and aim: in Russian Federation, more than 10 million people suffer from peripheral artery disease (PAD), and from chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) as one of it’s complications. According to Russian guidelines on treatment of patients with CLTI, the initial diagnosis should include measurement of ankle-brachial and finger-brachial indices (ABI, ТВ I), as well as ultrasound duplex scanning (USDS) - however, the sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of these methods are often insufficient. In this review, we have summarized the entire range of modern instrumental methods for early and effective diagnosis of critical lower limb-threatening ischemia and for the evaluation of limb perfusion.

Materials and methods: 31 sources of domestic and foreign literature published in last 5 years on the issue of modern possibilities for early precision diagnosis of critical limb-threatening ischemia were examined.

Results and conclusions: AHA Experts recommend some experimental technologies for evaluating lower limb perfusion, including angiography with indigocarmine, perfusion computed tomography (CT perfusion), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), contrast echography, and hyperspectral imaging. Among other things, implantable bio-sensors can be identified: for example, oxygen-platform LuMee, which works in real time and provides continuous monitoring of oxygen levels in tissues. New technologies allow us to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and quality of treatment of patients with CLTI. It is worth considering switching from traditional methods to more modern ones, which can significantly reduce the frequency of amputations and the risk of disability and improve the quality of life of our patients.

References

1.     Lobachev АА. Comparative evaluation and long-term results of various methods of surgical revascularization of shin arteries in patients with obliterating atherosclerosis of lower limb arteries. Diss.kand.med.nauk - M., 2019; 110 [In Russ].

2.     Aboyans V, Ricco JB, Bartelink MEL et al. 2017 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). ESC Guidelines. 2017; 39:763-821.

3.     Misra S, Shishehbor MH, Takahashi EA et al. Perfusion Assessment in Critical Limb Ischemia: Principles for Understanding and the Development of Evidence and Evaluation of Devices: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association published. Circulation. 2019; 140: 657-672.

4.     «National guidelines for the management of patients with diseases of lower limb arteries»- M.: 2013 [In Russ].

http://www.angiolsurgery.org/recommendations/2013/recommendations_LLA.pdf

5.     Zyyatdinov KSH, Sharafeev AZ, Cibul'kin NA et al. Diagnostics and treatment of clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis. Monografiya. Kazan': Medicina. 2014; 197 [In Russ].

6.     Aboyans V, Criqui MH, Abraham P et al. Measurement and interpretation of the ankle-brachial index: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012; 126 (24): 2890-909.

7.     Maksimov AV, Gajsina EA, Plotnikov MV. Vascular and endovascular surgery in figures and diagrams. Uchebnoe posobie. 2018; 152 [In Russ].

8.     Cornell M, Gabriel PO. Non-invasive imaging techniques in lower extremity artery disease. E-Journal of Cardiology Practice. 2018; 16(5) - 21 Mar 2018.

9.     Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: executive summary. Circulation. 2017; 135 (12):e686-e725.

10.   Schiro GR, Sessa S, Piccioli A, Maccauro G. Primary amputation vs limb salvage in mangled extremity: a systematic review of the current scoring system. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2015; 16: 372.

11.   Terskov DV, SHnajder NA. Transcutaneous oximetry as a technique for identifying of threatening critical ischemia in patients with diabetic foot syndrome and occlusive lesions of arteries of lower limbs. Vestnik Klinicheskojbol'nicy №51. 2010; 3(8): 56-61 [In Russ].

12.   Rother U, Lang W. Noninvasive measurements of tissue perfusion in critical limb ischemia. Gefasschirurgie. 2018; 23(Suppl 1): 8-12.

13.   Mahe G, Liedl DA, McCarter C et al. Digital obstructive arterial disease can be detected by laser Doppler measurements with high sensitivity and specificity. Journal of vascular surgery. 2014 Apr;59(4): 1051-1057.e1.

14.   Gurmikova NL. Optimization of methods for diagnosing peripheral arterial diseases in patients with diabetes mellitus. Dissertaciya. 2014; 143-146 [In Russ].

15.   Sitdikova DI. Perioperative control of the efficiency of reconstructive operations in patients with critical lower limb ischemia. Angiologiya i sosudistaya hirurgiya. 2016; 22(2); 320-321 [In Russ].

16.   Lopez D, Pollak AW, Meyer CH et al. Arterial spin labeling perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance of the calf in peripheral arterial disease: cuff occlusion hyperemia vs exercise. J Cardiovasc Magn. Reson. 2015; 17(1): 23.

17.   Kikuchi S, Miyake K, Tada Y et al. Laser speckle flowgraphy can also be used to show dynamic changes in the blood flow of the skin of the foot after surgical revascularization. Vascular. 2019; 27(3) 242-251.

18.   Krupatkin Al, Sidorova W. Laser Doppler flowmetry of blood microcirculation. Monografiya. 2005; 119-122 [In Russ].

19.   Aleksandrov DA, Timoshina PA, Tuchin W et al. Dynamics of indicators of laser speckle-visualization of blood flow and morphological changes in tissues with complete temporary local ischemia of the pancreas. Saratovskij nauchno-medicinskij zhurnal. 2014; 10 (4): 596-600 [In Russ].

20.   Jennifer Garcia. Laser Associated Sciences Receives 510(k) FDA Clearance for FlowMet-R. 2019.

http://innovation.uci.edu/2019/04/laser-associated-sciences-receives-510k-fda-clearance-for-flowmet-r/

21.   Met R, Bipat S, Legemate DA et al. Diagnostic performance of computed tomography angiography in peripheral arterial disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009; 301 (4):415-24.

22.   Jens S, Koelemay MJ, Reekers JA, Bipat S. Diagnostic performance of computed tomography angiography and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography in patients with critical limb ischemia and intermittent claudication: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2013; 23(11):3104-14.

23.   Jens S, Marquering HA, Koelemay MJ, Reekers JA. Perfusion angiography of the foot in patients with critical limb ischemia: description of the technique. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2015; 38:201-205.

24.   Marco Manzi, Jos C. van den Berg. 2D Perfusion Angiography: A Useful Tool for CLI Treatment. Endovascular. 2015; 76-79.

25.   Pollak AW, Meyer CH, Epstein FH et al. Arterial spin labeling MR imaging reproducibly measures peak-exercise calf muscle perfusion: a study in patients with peripheral arterial disease and healthy volunteers. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012 Dec; 5(12): 1224-30.

26.   Aschwanden M, Partovi S, Jacobi В et al. Assessing the end-organ in peripheral arterial occlusive disease-from contrast-enhanced ultrasound to blood-oxygen-level-dependent MR imaging. Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. 2014; 4(2), 165-172.

27.   Muller MD, Luck JC, Gao Z et al. Muscle oxygenation during dynamic plantar flexion exercise: combining BOLD MRI with traditional physiological measurements. 2016; 4 (20): e13004.

28.   Maslennikova NS. Possibilities of the method of magnetic resonance imaging in assessing the effectiveness of conservative therapy for chronic ischemia of lower limbs. Dissertaciya. 2017; 94-96 [In Russ].

29.   Higashimori A, Takahara M, Utsunomiya M. Utility of indigo carmine angiography in patients with critical limb ischemia: Prospective multi-center intervention study (DIESEL-study). Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2019 Jan 1;93(1):108-112.

30.   Brodmann M. Assessing the clinical utility of real­time tissue oxygen monitoring for endovascular revascularization procedures. Presentation on LINK-2020.

31.   ESC I ESVS Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial disease 2017. Rossijskij kardiologicheskij zhurnal 2018; 23 (8), 218-221 [In Russ].

Abstract:

Aim: was to estimate efficacy of methods of permanent or temporary blocking of blood flow through the gastroduodenal artery (GDA) during arterial chemoinfusion/chemoembolization of hepatic and pancreatic malignancies.

Materials and methods: for the period of 5 years (2015-2019), GDA embolization with coils was performed in 90 patients. Of them, 39 patients with liver tumors underwent occlusion of proximal GDA. GDA embolization distally to pancreatic branches (commonly on the level of gastroepiploic artery) was done in 51 patients with pancreatic head adenocarcinoma. Alternatively, in 12 patients with liver and 23 patients with pancreatic cancer, hand compression of GDA was used.

Results: technical success was 98% (88/90 patients). During embolization, coil migration into the hepatic artery developed in two patients with liver tumors: in one case stenting of the common hepatic artery was performed, the other case was asymptomatic and the presence of coil did not complicate the following arterial therapy. There were no other complications. Patients received multiple repeated courses of arterial chemotherapy.

Conclusion: methods of blocking of GDA blood flow are relatively safe, effective, simple and inexpensive. Both, embolization and hand compression, help to prevent non-target chemoinfusion and embolization.

References

1.     Generalov Ml, Balakhnin PV, Tsurkan VA, et al. Percutaneously implanted «port-catheter» systems for long-lasting regional chemotherapy in patients with metastatic liver disease. Diagnosticheskaja i Intervenzionnaya Radiologiya. 2007; 1(4): 51-59 [In Russ].

2.     Arybzhanov DT, Gantsev SH, Kulakeev OK, et al. Results of endovascular methods of treatment in liver tumors in South Kazakhstan. Diagnosticheskaya i Intervenzionnaya Radiologiya. 2009; 3(1): 15-19 [In Russ].

3.     Popov AA, Skupchenko AV, Polarush NF. Colorectal liver metastases after chemoembolization with microspheres: comparison of the different criteria for tumor response assessment. Diagnosticheskaya i Intervenzionnaya Radiologiya. 2014; 8(1): 37-46 [In Russ].

4.     Dolgushin Bl, Virshke ER, KosyrevVJ. Interventional radiological technologies in treatment of intermediate stage HCC (BCLC B). Onkologicheskiy Zhurnal. 2018. 1(1): 60-62 [In Russ].

5.     Kozlov AV, Granov DA, Tarazov PG et al. Intra-arterial chemotherapy in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer. Annaly Khirurgicheskoy Gepatologii. 2019; 24(3): 73-86 [In Russ].

6.     Pavlovskij AV, Stacenko AA, Popov SA et al. The first experience of selective intra-arterial injection of albuminbound paclitaxel (Abraxane) in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Diagnosticheskaya i Intervenionnaya Radiologiya. 2019; 13(1): 59-64 [In Russ].

7.     Bagdasarov W, Bagdasarova EA, Chernookov Al et al. Endovascular arterial embolization in duodenal bleeding - alternative to surgical treatment. Khirurgiya. 2016; (2): 45-50 [In Russ].

8.     Musinov IM, Chikin AE, Ganin AS, Kachesov EYu. Transcatheter arterial embolization in treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers with bleeding. Vestnik Khirugii. 2018; 177(6): 27-30 [In Russ].

9.     Tibilov AM, BaymatovMS. Endovascular intervention in the treatment of recurrent gastroduodenal hemorrhage. Diagnosticheskaya i Intervenzionnaya Radiologiya. 2009; 3(3): 45-48 [In Russ].

10.   Tarazov PG, Granov DA, Polikarpov AA et al. Endovascular control of arterial bleeding after major surgery in pancreatic cancer. Vestnik Khirugii. 2012; 171(1): 24-30 [In Russ].

11.   Chuang VP, Wallace S, Stroehlen J et al. Hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy: gastroduodenal complications. American Journal o f Roentgenology. 1981; 137(2): 347-350.

12.   Granmayeh M, Wallace S, Schwarten D. Transcatheter occlusion of the gastroduodenal artery. Radiology. 1979; 131(1): 59-62.

13.   Kuribayashi S, Phillips D, Harrington DP et al. Therapeutic embolization of the gastroduodenal artery in hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1981; 137(6): 1169-1172.

14.   Kuyumcu G, Latich I, Hardman RLet al. Gastroduodenal embolization: indications, technical pearls, and outcomes. Journal o f Clinical Medicine. 2018; 7(5): pii E101.

http://doi.org/10.3390/icm7050101

15.   Desai GS, Pande PM. Gastroduodenal artery: Singe key for many locks (review). Journal of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery. 2019; 26(7): 281-291.

16.   Tarazov PG, Polikarpov AA, Ivanova AA. Arterial radioembilzation of liver malignancies with glass yttrium-90 microspheres: first experience. Diagnosticheskaya i Intervenzionnaya Radiologiya. 2014; 8(4): 59-66 [In Russ].

17.   Tarazov PG, Ryzhkov VK. Gastroduodenal artery embolization during endovascular interventions in cirrhosis and tumors of the liver. Vestnik Khirugii. 1988; 140(1): 83- 85 [In Russ].

18.   Lopez-Benitez R, Hallscheidt P, Kratochwil C et al. Protective embolization of the gastroduodenal artery with a one HydroCoil technique in radioembolization procedures. Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 2013; 36(1): 105-110.

19.   Enriquez J, Javadi S, Murthy R et al. Gastroduodenal artery recanalization after transcatheter fibered coil embolization for prevention of hepatoenteric flow: incidence and predisposing technical factors in 142 patients. Acta Radiologica. 2013; 54(7): 790-794.

20.   Kubota H, Nimura X Hayakawa N, Shionoya S. Hepatic transcatheter arterial embolization with gastroduodenal artery blocking by finger compression. Radiology. 1989; 170(2): 562-563.

21.   Tarazov PG, Pavlovskij AV, Granov DA. Oily chemoembolization of pancreatic head adenocarcinoma. Cardiovascular Interventional Radiology. 2001; 24(6): 424-426.

22.   Karimov Shi, Borovskiy SP, Khakimov MSh, Adylkhodzhaev AA. Regional chemotherapy in the treatment of unresectable pancreatic tumors. Annaly Khirurgicheskoy Gepatologii. 2010; 15(3): 105-109 [In Russ].

23.   Khayrutdinov ER, Tsurkan VA, Arablinskiy AV, Gromov DG. First experience in using transradial arterial approach in selective chemoembolization of malignant pancreatic tumor. Diagnosticheskaya i Intervenzionnaya Radiologiya. 2017; 11(4): 81-85 [In Russ].

Abstract:

Aim: was to assess the possibility of x-ray surgical recovering of the integrity of the upper urinary tract in the absence of dilatation of kidney collecting system.

Material and methods: for the period of 2018-2020, under our supervision there were 9 patients with an unexpanded kidney collecting system against the background of the existing external or internal urinary fistula. In 6 patients after cystoprostatectomy and ureteroenterocutaneostomy (Bricker surgery), a migration of urethral drainage occurred. In 3 cases, after gynecological operations, patients were diagnosed with iatrogenic complete transverse ureter damage with the formation of retroperitoneal (intrapelvic) uroma. At the first stage in all 9 patients we performed percutaneous nephrostomy on unexpanded kidneys’ collecting system under ultrasound guidance using special techniques.

To restore patency of the damaged ureter, a combined ante-retrograde approach was used. The antegrade flexible guidewire was moved through damaged (cut off) ureter, and retrograde through the entrance of damaged ureter or enterostomy with a capturing device, under x-ray control, the guidewire was brought out. Then, pyeloureteral drainage was placed in an adequate position of the enterocutaneostomy retrograde or antegrade, splinting the ureter damage zone.

Results: in 6 patients, after Bricker surgery, the lost ureteral drainage was adequately restored. In patients with a cut off ureter, it was possible to restore the course of the damaged ureter on the external-internal pyelo-urethral drainage by closing the internal urinary fistula and eliminating retroperitoneal urine by percutaneous drainage under radiation control. There were no complications associated with the technique of x-ray surgery.

Conclusion: percutaneous nephrostomy on an unexpanded kidney collecting system using special techniques for the verification of kidney collecting system is a potentially replicable safe technique that allows to perform in stages adequate external derivation of urine. Percutaneous nephrostomy can be used as a «bridge» technique for subsequent x-ray surgical interventions on the ureter, including with its complete iatrogenic damage.

References

1.     Patel U, Hussain FF. Percutaneous nephrostomy of non-dilated renal collecting systems with fluoroscopic guidance: technique and results. Radiology. 2004 Oct; 233(1 ):226-233.

https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol. 2331031342

2.     Liu BX, Huang GL, Xie XH et al. Contrast-enhanced US-assisted Percutaneous Nephrostomy: A Technique to Increase Success Rate for Patients with Nondilated Renal Collecting System. Radiology. 2017 Oct; 285(1):293-301.

https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2017161604

3.     Usawachintachit M, Tzou DT, Mongan J et al. Feasibility of Retrograde Ureteral Contrast Injection to Guide Ultrasonographic Percutaneous Renal Access in the Nondilated Collecting System. J Endourol. 2017 Feb; 31 (2): 129-134.

https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2016.0693

4.     Dagli M, Ramchandani P. Percutaneous nephrostomy: technical aspects and indications. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2011 Dec; 28(4):424-37.

https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0031-1296085

5.     Brandes S, Coburn M, Armenakas N, McAninch J. Diagnosis and management of ureteric injury: an evidencebased analysis. BJU Int. 2004 Aug; 94(3):277-89.

https://doi.org/10.1111 /j.1464-410X.2004.04978.X

6.     Ray CE Jr, Brown AC, Smith MT, Rochon PJ. Percutaneous access of nondilated renal collecting systems. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2014 Mar; 31 (1):98-100.

https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0033-1363849

7.     American College of Radiology (ACR) and the Standarts of Practice Committee of the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) and the Society for Pediatric Radiology (SPR) practice guideline for the performance of percutaneous nephrostomy. Revised 2011 (resolution 42). Accessed March 9, 2013.

http://www.arc.org/~/media/ACR/Documents/PGTS/guidelines/Percutaneous_Nephrostomv.pdf

8.     Clark TW, Abraham RJ, Flemming BK. Is routine micropuncture access necessary for percutaneous nephrostomy? A randomized trial. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2002 Apr; 53(2):87-91.

Abstract:

Introduction: among patients with ischemic stroke (IS), more than 17% has atrial fibrillation (AF). The active application of aspiration thrombectomy (AT), in addition to thrombolytic therapy (TLT), can significantly improve functional outcome, prognosis and survival of patients with IS. The main method of preventing of IS in patients with nonvalvular AF today is still an anticoagulant therapy, but percutaneous transcatheter occlusion of the left atrium appendage (LAA) can be an alternative method, especially if anticoagulant therapy is contraindicated or ineffective.

Aim: was to demonstrate results of a complex staged treatment of an age-related patient with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, complicated by the development of cardioembolic ischemic stroke while taking anticoagulants.

Material and methods: a clinical observation of a 81-year-old patient delivered to the hospital with a clinical manifestation of ischemic stroke in the “therapeutic window”, with a history of persistent AF and taking anticoagulants, is presented. After conservative therapy - a regression of neurological symptoms was achieved. Three days after - negative dynamics in the clinical picture with development of aphasia and right-sided hemiplegia. Multispiral computed tomography with contrast (MSCT-A): occlusion of M2 segment of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA). Patient underwent aspiration thrombectomy with complete restoration of blood flow and regression of neurological symptoms. After 2 months from the episode of IS, patient underwent implantation of occlude in the left atrial appendage as a prophylaxis of re-embolism, followed by the abolition of warfarin.

Results: a senile patient returned to normal life and self-care (assessed using the modified Rankin scale 1). During next 13 months patient had no major adverse cardiac events (MACE) or significant bleeding and all that shows that occlusion of LAA is effective.

Conclusions: in the early period of ischemic stroke, isolated aspiration thrombectomy is the operation of choice in patients with atrial fibrillation and contraindication for thrombolytic therapy, and endovascular occlusion of the left atrial appendage can be the method of choice for secondary prevention of ischemic stroke. Further studies are required to assess applicability and reproducibility of the approach we have described in routine clinical practice.

References

1.     Hankey G.J. Stroke. The Lancet. 2017; 389 (10069): 641-654.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30962-X

2.     Feigin V.L., Krishnamurthi R.V., Parmar P., et al; GBD Writing Group; GBD 2013 Stroke Panel Experts Group. Update on the Global Burden of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke in 1990-2013: The GBD 2013 Study. Neuroepidemiology. 2015; 45 (3):161-76.

https://doi.org/10.1159/000441085

3.     Savello AV, Voznjuk IA, Svistov DV, Babichev KN, Kandyba DV, Shenderov SV, Vlasenko SV, Shlojdo EA, Kachesov JeJu, Esipovich ID, Haritonova TV. Results of treatment of ischemic stroke using intravascular thromboembolectomy in conditions of regional vascular centers in a metropolis (St. Petersburg). Zhurnal nevrologii i psihiatrii im. C.C. Korsakova. 2018; 118 (12-2): 54-63.

https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201811812254

4.     Savello AV, Svistov DV, Sorokoumov VA. Endovascular treatments for ischemic stroke: Present status and prospects. Nevrologia, nejropsihiatria, psihosomatika. 2015; 7 (4): 42-49.

https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2015-4-42-49

5.     Saposnik G., Gladstone D., Raptis R., et al. Investigators of the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network (RCSN) and the Stroke Outcomes Research Canada (SORCan) Working Group. Atrial fibrillation in ischemic stroke: predicting response to thrombolysis and clinical outcomes. Stroke. 2013; 44 (1): 99-104.

https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.676551

6.     Lin H.J., Wolf P.A., Kelly-Hayes M., et al. Stroke severity in atrial fibrillation. The Framingham Study. Stroke. 1996; 27 (10): 1760-1764.

https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.27.10.1760

7.     Pistoia F., Sacco S., Tiseo C., et al. The Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke. Cardiol Clin. 2016; 34 (2): 255-268.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccl.2015.12.002

8.     Aguilar M.I., Hart R., Pearce L.A. Oral anticoagulants versus antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and no history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; 18 (3): CD006186.

https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006186.pub2

9.     Kamel H., Healey J.S. Cardioembolic Stroke. Circ Res. 2017; 120 (3): 514-526.

https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308407

10.   Go A.S., Hylek E.M, Phillips K.A., et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA. 2001; 285 (18): 2370-2375.

https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.18.2370

11.   Demaerschalk B.M., Kleindorfer D.O., Adeoye O.M., et al. American Heart Association Stroke Council and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Scientific Rationale for the Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for Intravenous Alteplase in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/ American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016; 47 (2): 581-641.

https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000086

12.   Powers W.J., Rabinstein A.A., Ackerson T., et al. Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: 2019 Update to the 2018 Guidelines for the Early Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2019; 50 (12): 344-418

https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000211

13.   Bajwa R.J., Kovell L., Resar J.R., et al. Left atrial appendage occlusion for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. Clin Cardiol. 2017; 40 (10): 825-831.

https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.22764

14.   Kirchhof P., Benussi S., Kotecha D., et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation Developed in Collaboration With EACTS. 2017; 70 (1): 50.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2016.11.033 

Abstract:

Introduction: vascular closure devices (VCD) for over 20 years have been used as an alternative to manual compression to achieve hemostasis. Despite the fact that clinical efficacy and safety of occlusive type VCD have been confirmed in a number of studies, their use remains controversial due to the formation of complications at the access site when using these devices.

Aim: was to estimate possible advantages and limitations of vascular closure devices of occlusive type (Angio-Seal) in patients, who had underwent percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) via femoral access in comparison with traditional manual hemostasis.

Material and methods: data of 231 adult patients who underwent therapeutic endovascular procedures in the City Hospital named after M.P. Konchalovsky, Research and Development Center for Preventive Medicine were selected for retrospective research. The main group, with hemostasis after PCI with Angio-Seal (Terumo) obturating device, consisted of 113 patients, control group - included 118 patients with manual hemostasis. Subjective sensations (pain, numbness, etc.), complication rate, hemostasis time, immobilization and hospitalization duration were evaluated.

Results: success of using VCD was 98.23%, complication rate in the main group was 4.37%, in the control group - 6.78% (however, it was not reliable). The time of hemostasis (2.1 min versus 22.25 min), immobilization (3.5 hours versus 20.6 hours) and hospitalization (4 days versus 8 days) significantly decreased, and the patient comfort level was significantly higher in the main group.

Conclusions: the use of Angio-Seal VCD in patients after percutaneous transfemoral therapeutic endovascular procedures is an effective way to reduce hemostasis time in comparison with using of manual compression; allows to reduce patient's immobilization period, significantly increases patient comfort, and reduces patient's hospital stay.

Along with this procedure, it should be considered as an independent surgical intervention and surgeon should follow all necessary rules and stages of its implementation, should control result of hemostasis.

References

1.     Bockeria LA, Alekyan BG. State of endovascular diagnosis and treatment of cardiac and vascular diseases in the Russian Federation (2014). Russian Journal of Endovascular Surgery 2015; 2(1-2):5-20 [In Russ].

2.     Byrne RA, Cassese S, Linhardt M, Kastrati A. Vascular access and closure in coronary angiography and percutaneous intervention. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2013; 10(1):27-40.

3.     Semitko SP, Gubenko IM, Analeev AI, Azarov AV, Maiskov VV, Karpun NA, Iosseliani DG. Vascular complications of percutaneous coronary interventions and clinical results of the use of various devices providing hemostasis. Consilium medicum 2012; 14(10): 51-57 [In Russ].

4.     Dauerman HL, Applegate RJ, Cohen DJ. Vascular closure devices: the second decade. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007; 50(17):1617-1626.

5.     Biancari F, D’Andrea V, Di Marco C, Savino G, Tiozzo V, Catania A. Meta-analysis of randomized trials on the efficacy of vascular closure devices after diagnostic angiography and angioplasty. Am Heart J. 2010; 159(4): 518-531.

6.     Ndrepepa G, Berger PB, Mehilli J et al. Periprocedural bleeding and 1-year outcome after percutaneous coronary interventions: appropriateness of including bleeding as a component of a quadruple end point. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51:690.

7.     Rao SV, Kedev S. Approaching the post-femoral era for coronary angiography and intervention. JACC Cardiovasc. Interv. 2015; 8: 524–526.

8.     Lo TS et al. Radial artery anomaly and its influence on transradial coronary procedural outcome. Heart 2009; 95(5): 410–415.

9.     Sciahbasi A et al. Transradial approach (left versus right) and procedural times during percutaneous coronary procedures: TALENT study. Am. Heart J. 2011; 161: 172–179.

Abstract

Aim: was to assess feasibility and effectiveness of using special methods for preventing of port-biliary fistula formation, at all stages of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiostomy (PTC).

Material and methods: we analyzed results of 3786 cholangiostomies with Seldinger technique, performed during the period from 1995 to 2019. Primary puncture of target bile duct was performed with a 17,5-18G needle for Amplaz guidewire 0,035’’ with a safe J-tip. With benign lesion of the biliary tree, 2066 cholangiostomies (54.6%) were performed, with tumor – 1720 (45,4%).

Results: significant hemobilia was registered in 21 patients (0.55%) from the analyzed group (3786 PTC), while in 3 cases arteriobiliary fistula was diagnosed, in 16-portbiliary fistula, 2 - biliary-venous fistula. The frequency of portоbiliary fistulas was 0,42%. The presence of blood impurities during aspiration from bile ducts was considered as obvious sign of portоbiliary fistula. Prevention of the formation of port-biliary fistula was realized by using well-guided puncture needles of large diameter (17,5-18G), including use of the «open needle» technique and timely changing the puncture trajectory during puncture of the vessel before penetration of the bile duct. Discredited access was used only for cholangiography with simultaneous puncture of bile ducts with a second needle along a different path and control of the severity of hemobilia according to the established second conflict-free cholangiostoma. All portоbiliary fistulas were closed conservatively.

Conclusion: the use of special methods of prophylaxis, determined a low frequency of portоbiliary fistulas - 4.2 port-biliary fistulas per 1000 percutaneous transhepatic cholangiostomy (0,42%), as well as their relatively benign nature (marginal wound of lateral portal vein branches), which did not require the use of embolization techniques.

References

1.     Shiau EL, Liang HL, Lin YH. (et al.). The Complication of Hepatic Artery Injuries of 1,304 Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage in a Single Institute. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2017 Jul;28(7):1025-1032. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir. 2017.03.016.

2.     Dolgushin BI, Virshke ER, Cherkasov VA, Kukushkin VA, Mkrtchjan GS. Selective Embolization of Hepatic Arteries in Bleeding Complications of Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Dranage. Annaly khirurgicheskoy gepatologii. Annals of HPB surgery. 2007; 12(4): 63-68 [In Russ].

3.     Aung TH, Too CW, Kumar N (et al.). Severe Bleeding after Percutaneous Transhepatic Drainage of the Biliary System. Radiology. 2016 Mar; 278(3):957-8. doi: 10.1148/ radiol.2016151954.

4.     Saad WE, Wallace MJ, Wojak JC (et al.). Quality improvement guidelines for percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, biliary drainage, and percutaneous cholecystostomy. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010 Jun; 21(6): 789-95. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2010.01.012.

5.     Dietrich CF, Lorentzen T, Appelbaum L (et al.). EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part III-abdominal treatment procedures (Long Version). Ultraschall Med. 2016 Feb;37(1):E1-E32. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1553917.

6.     Mortimer AM, Wallis A, Planner A. Multiphase multidetector CT in the diagnosis of haemobilia: a potentially catastrophic ruptured hepatic artery aneurysm complicating the treatment of a patient with locally advanced rectal cancer. Br J Radiol. 2011, May; 84(1001):e95-8. doi: 10.1259/bjr/20779582.

7.     Quencer KB, Tadros AS, Marashi KB (et al.). Bleeding after Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage: Incidence, Causes and Treatments. J Clin Med. 2018 May 1;7(5). pii: E94. Doi 10.3390/jcm7050094.

8.     Chanyaputhipong J, Lo RH, Tan BS, Chow PK Portobiliary fistula: successful transcatheter treatment with embolisation coils. Singapore Med J. 2014 Mar; 55(3):e34-6.

9.     Madhusudhan KS, Dash NR, Afsan A (et al.). Delayed Severe Hemobilia Due to Bilio-venous Fistula After Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage: Treatment With Covered Stent Placement. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2016 Sep; 6(3):241-243.

Abstract

Background: in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), there is a change in indicators of heart mechanics against the background of myocardium remodeling. Currently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and speckle tracking echocardiography provide additional options for assessing changes in heart mechanics. Evaluation of mechanics of the myocardium rotational movement according to coronarography (CAG) has not been found in available literature. In this regard, there is a need to develop a methodology that allows to obtain a mathematical description of rotation processes and heartbeat during the CAG.

Material and methods: study included 90 patients aged 30-71 to assess indicators of heart rotation mechanics. Subjects were divided into groups: with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMP, n=30), left ventricular aneurysm (LVA, n=30) and patients with autonomic nervous system disorder (ANSD, n=30) without heart failure (control group). Mechanics of heart rotation was studied using the CAG technique, modified by us, based on mathematical calculations of the rotation angle in motion of points on the heart surface, determined on the coronary angiogram in two projections.

Results: study found out, that in patients with DCMP and LVA with chronic heart failure, the angle of rotation of the heart was significantly lower than in patients with ANSD who do not have heart disease (p <0,05). The link between impaired myocardial contractile function in patients with DCMP and LVA with chronic heart failure and a decrease in the heart rotation angle was confirmed (DCMP: ?²=9,774; df=1; P <0,05), (LVA: ?²=9,600; df=1; P <0,05).

Conclusion: coronarography technique that we modified, makes it possible to quantify changes in parameters of the heart mechanics in examined patients. This makes it possible to determine the presence or absence of heart failure, depending on results.

References 

1.     Fomin IV. Chronic heart failure in the Russian Federation: what we know today and what we should do. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2016, 8(136): 7-13 [In Russ].

2.     Belenkov YuN, Mareev VYu. Principles of rational treatment of heart failure.M. 2000. 266 [In Russ].

3.     Popescu BA, Beladan CC, Calin A, et al. Left ventricular remodelling and torsional dynamics in dilated cardiomyopathy: reversed apical rotation as a marker of disease severity. EurJHeartFail. 2009;11(10): 945-51.

4.     Pavlyukova EN, Kuzhel' DA, Matyushin GV, Savchenko EA, Filippova SA. Rotation, twisting and spinning of the left ventricle: physiological role and significance in clinical practice. Regional pharmacotherapy in cardiology. 2015; 11(1): 68-78 [In Russ].

5.     Mondillo S, Galderisi M, Mele D, et al.; Echocardiography Study Group Of The Italian Society Of Cardiology (Rome, Italy). Speckle-tracking echocardiography: a new technique for assessing myocardial function. J Ultrasound Med. 2011;30(1):71-83.

6.     Sergio Mondillo, MD, Maurizio Galderis, et al. Speckle-tracking echocardiography - a technique for assessing myocardial function. June 2, 2016. The international online community of specialists in ultrasound diagnostics [In Russ].

7.     Leitman M, Lysyansky P, Sidenko S et al. Two-dimensionalstrain - a novel software for real-time quantitative echocardiographic assessment of myocardial function. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2004; 17(10): 1021-1029.

8.     Amundsen BH, Helle-Valle T, Edvardsen T et al. Noninvasive myocardial strain measurement by speckle tracking echocardiography: validation against sonomicrometry and tagged magnetic resonance imaging. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006; 47(4): 789-793.

9.     Buckberg G.D., Weisfeldt M.L., Ballester M. [et al.] Left ventricular form and function: scientific priorities and strategic planning for development of new views of disease. Circulation. 2004; 110: 333-336.

10.   Mirsky I., Parmley W.W. Assessment of passive elastic stiffness for isolated heart muscle and the intact heart. Circ. Res. 1973; 33: 233-243.

11.   Pouleur A., Knappe D., Shah A. [et al.] Relationship between improvement in left ventricular dyssynchrony and contractile function and clinical outcome with cardiac resynchronization therapy: the MADIT-CRT trial. Eur. Heart J. 2011; 32:1720-29.

12.   Vermes E., Tardif J.C., Bourassa M.G. [et al.] Enalapril decreases the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: insight from the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) trials. Circulation. 2003; 931: 2926-2.

13.   Victor Mor-Avi et al. The consensus decision of the American Echocardiographic Society and the European Association of Echocardiography on the methodology and indications, approved by the Japanese Society of Echocardiography. Articles. 07/07/2015 [In Russ].

14.   Roberto M Lang, Michelle Bierig [et al.] Roberto M Lang, Michelle Bierig [et al.]Recommendations for quantifying the structure and chambers of the heart.. Russian Journal of Cardiology 2012; 3(95). This edition of guidelines is published in Eur J Echocardiography 2006; 7: 79-108 [In Russ].

Abstract

The phenomenon of unrecovered coronary blood flow, or the «no-reflow» phenomenon, is the most formidable and insufficiently studied example of clinical failures after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and is manifested as the absence of filling of distal coronary arteries. As a result, endovascular treatment may be completely unsuccessful or may be complicated by delayed recovery, the development of systolic dysfunction, the formation of heart aneurysm and other serious problems. Many experimental and clinical studies have been devoted to «no-reflow», but the evidence for this or that way of influencing the appearance of this phenomenon is very ambiguous. This article presents modern aspects related to risk factors, pathophysiology and methods for diagnosing this complication, as well as an analysis of methods for the prevention and correction of the developed «no-reflow» phenomenon.

References

1.     Alekyan B.G. Endovascular diagnosis and treatment of heart and vascular diseases in the Russian Federation - 2017. Endovaskulyarnaya hirurgiya. 2018. T.5, №2. S.93- 240 [In Russ]. 

2.     Van de Werf F. Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with persistent ST-segment elevation: the Task Force on the Management of ST- Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction of the European Society of Cardiology. Van de Werf F., [et al.] Eur Heart J. 2008. Vol. 29, P. 2909-2945.

3.     Bazanov I.S. Endovascular interventions on venous bypass (literature review). Vestnik RUDN. Seriya: Medicina. 2017. T.21, №2. S.171-183. [In Russ].

4.     Interventional Cardiology. Coronary angiography and stenting: a guideline. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2010. S.410. [In Russ].

5.     Kaul, S. The «no reflow» phenomenon following acute myocardial infarction: Mechanisms and treatment options. Kaul, S. Journal of Cardiology. 2014. Vol. 64, No.2, P. 77-85.

6.     Kloner R.A. The «no-reflow» phenomenon after temporary coronary occlusion in the dog. Kloner R.A., Ganote C.E., Jennings R.B. J Clin Invest. 1974, Vol. 54, P. 14961508. 

7.     Czarnowska E. Ultrastructural demonstration of endothelial glycocalyx disruption in the reperfused rat heart. Involvement of oxygen free radicals. Czarnowska E, Karwatowska-Prokopczuk E. Basic Res Cardiol. - 1995, Vol. 90, No. 5, P. 3573-64

8.     Kloner R.A. Ultrastructural evidence of microvascular damage and myocardial cell injury after coronary artery occlusion: which comes first? Kloner R.A., Rude R.E., Carlson N., [et al.] Circulation. 1980, Vol. 62, P. 945-952.

9.     Kleinbongard P. Vasoconstrictor potential of coronary aspirate from patients undergoing stenting of saphenous vein aortocoronary bypass grafts and its pharmacological attenuation. Kleinbongard P., Bose D., Baars T., [et al.] Circ Res. 2011, Vol. 108, P 344352

10.   Galagudza M.M., Sonin D.L., Pochkaeva E.I. Postischemic non-restoration of blood flow: mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Regionarnoe krovoobrashchenie i mikrocirkulyaciya. 2018. T. 17, №1. S.5-12. [In Russ].

11.   Higginson L.A. Determinants of myocardial hemorrhage after coronary reperfusion in the anesthetized dog. Higginson L.A., White F., Heggtveit H.A., Sanders T.M., Bloor C.M., Covell J.W. Circulation. 1982, Vol.65, P 62-69. 

12.   Kaul S. Microvasculature in acute myocardial ischemia: part II: evolving concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Kaul S., Ito H. Circulation. 2004, Vol. 109, P 310-315.

13.   Theilmeier G. Hypercholesterolemia in minipigs impairs left ventricular response to stress: association with decreased coronary flow reserve and reduced capillary density. Theilmeier G., VerhammeP, DymarkowskiM., [et al.] Circulation. — 2002; Vol. 106, P 1140-1146.

14.   Dogan N.B. Simple clinical risk score for no-reflow prediction in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention with acute STEMI. Dogan N.B., Ozpelit E., Akdeniz S., Bilgin M., Baris N. Pak J Med Sci. - 2015, Vol. 31, No. 3. P 576-581.

15.   Plechev V.V., Risberg R.YU., Buzaev I.V. [et al.] Predictors of the development of intraoperative and early complications with planned stenting of coronary arteries. Permskij medicinskij zhurnal. 2017. T.34, №5. S.5-12. [In Russ].

16.   Kundin V.YU. Quantification of viable myocardium by radionuclide method. Serdechnaya nedostatochnost’. - 2010. №1. S.20-25. [In Russ].

17.   Strauss H.W. Procedure guideline for myocardial perfusion imaging 3.3. Strauss H. W., Miller, D. D., Wittry M.D., [et al.]. Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology. 2008, Vol. 36, No. 3, P 155-161.

18.   Lockie T. Use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in acute coronary syndromes. Lockie T., Nagel E., Redwood S., Plein S. Circulation. 2009, Vol. 119, P 1671-1681

19.   Hayat S.A. Myocardial contrast echocardiography in ST elevation myocardial infarction: ready for prime time? Hayat S.A., Senior R. Eur Heart J. 2008, Vol. 29, P 299214. 

20.   Granfeldt A. Protective ischemia in patients: preconditioning and postconditioning. Granfeldt A., Lefer D.J., Vinten-Johansen J. Cardiovasc. Res. 2009, Vol. 83, No. 2, P. 234-246.

21.   M. R. Schmidt. Intermittent peripheral tissue ischemia during coronary ischemia reduces myocardial infarction through a KATP-dependent mechanism: first demonstration of remote ischemic preconditioning. M. R. Schmidt [et al.] Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2007, Vol. 292, No. 4, P 1883-1890.

22.   Heusch G. Remote ischemic conditioning. Heusch G., Botker H.E., Przyklenk K., [et al.] J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015, Vol. 65, P 177-195.

23.   Vinten-Johansen J. Perconditioning and postconditioning: current knowledge, knowledge gaps, barriers to adoption, and future directions. Vinten-Johansen J., Shi W. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther. 2011, Vol. 16, No. 34, P 260-266.

24.   Mojbenko A. A., Dosenko V.E., Parhomenko. A.N Endogenous mechanisms of cardioprotection as a basis for pathogenetic therapy of heart diseases. Kiev, Naukova dumka, 2008. C. 520. [In Russ]. 

25.   Lishmanov YU.B., Maslov L.N. Ischemic postconditioning of the heart. Receptor mechanisms and clinical applications. Kardiologiya. 2010. №6. S.68-74.

26.   Zhao Z.Q. Inhibition of myocardial injury by ischemic postconditioning during reperfusion: comparison with ischemic preconditioning. Zhao Z.Q., Corvera J.S., HalkosM.E. , [et al.] Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2003, Vol. 285, No. 2, P 579-588.

27.   Jivraj N. Ischaemic postconditioning: cardiac protection after the event. Jivraj N., Liew F, Marber M. Anaesthesia. 2015, Vol. 70, P 598-612.

28.   Limalanathan S. Effect of ischemic postconditioning on infarct size in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary PCI results of the POSTEMI (POstconditioning in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) randomized trial. Limalanathan S., Andersen G.lll., Klaw N.E., Abdelnoor M., Hoffmann P, Eritsland J. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2014, Vol. 3, No. 2, e000679.

29.   Cung T.T. Cyclosporine before PCI in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Cung T.T., Morel O., Cayla G., Rioufol G., Garcia-Dorado D., Angoulvant D., [et al.] New Engl. J. Med.-2015, Vol. 373, P 1021-1031.

30.   Tissier R. The small chill: Mild hypothermia for car- dioprotection? Tissier R., Chenoune M., Ghaleh B., Cohen M.V., Downey J.M., Berdeaux A. Cardiovasc Res. 2010, Vol. 88, P 406-414.

31.   O'Neill W. COOL-MI: Cooling as an Adjunctive Therapy to Percutaneous Intervention in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. O'Neill W. Paper presented at: 15th Annual Transcatheter Cardiovascular Therapeutics Washington DC 2003.

32.   Erlinge D. Rapid endovascular catheter core cooling combined with cold saline as an adjunct to percutaneous coronary intervention for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (The CHILL-MI trial). Erlinge D., Gutberg M., LangI., [et al.] J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014, Vol. 63, No. 18, P. 1857-1865

33.   Marzilli M. Beneficial effects of intracoronary adenosine as an adjunct to primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction. Marzilli M., Orsini E., Marraccini P., [et al.] Circulation. - 2000, Vol. 101, P. 2154-2159.

34.   Liu G.S. Evidence that the adenosine A3 receptor may mediate the protection afforded by preconditioning in the isolated rabbit heart. Liu G.S., Richards S.C., Olsson R.A., Mullane K., Walsh R.S., Downey J.M. Cardiovasc Res. 1994, Vol. 28, P. 1057-1061.

35.   Liu G.S. Protection against infarction afforded by preconditioning is mediated by A1 adenosine receptors in rabbit heart. Liu G.S., Thornton J., Van Winkle D.M., Stanley A.W., Olsson R.A., Downey J.M. Circulation. 1991, Vol. 84, P. 350-356.

36.   Niu X. Effect of intracoronary agents on the noreflow phenomenon during primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a network meta-analysis. Niu X., Zhang J., Bai M., Peng Y, Sun S., Zhang Z. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2018, Vol.18, P. 3.

37.   Pan W. Intracoronary nitroprusside in the prevention of the no-reflow phenomenon in acute myocardial infarction. Pan W., Wang L.F., [et al.] Chin Med J (Engl). 2009, Vol. 122, No. 22, P. 2718-2723

38.   Zhao S. Effect of intracoronary nitroprusside in preventing no reflow phenomenon during primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis. Zhao S., Qi G., Tian W., Chen L., Sun Y J Interv Cardiol. 2014, Vol. 27, No. 4, P. 356-364.

39.   Haeck J.D. Infarct size and left ventricular function in the PRoximal Embolic Protection in Acute myocardial infarction and Resolution of ST-segment Elevation (PREPARE) trial: ancillary cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Haeck J.D., Kuijt W.J., Koch K.T., et al. Heart. 2010, Vol. 96, P. 190-195.

40.   Haeck J.D. Proximal embolic protection in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction (PREPARE): core lab adjudicated angiographic outcomes of a randomised controlled trial. Haeck J.D., Koch K.T., Gu YL., [et al.] Netherlands Heart Journal. - 2010, Vol. 18, No. 11, P. 531-536.

41.   Gurvitch R. Protection Devices and Thrombectomy for Native Coronary Artery ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Gurvitch R., Ajani A., Yan B., [et al.] J. Invasive Cardiol. 2008, Vol. 20, No. 4, P. 190-195.

42.   Stone G. Distal Microcirculatory Protection During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Acute ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Stone G., Webb J., Cox D., [et al.] J. Am. Heart Assoc. - 2005, Vol. 293, No. 9, P. 10631072.

43.   De Luca G.. Adjunctive manual thrombectomy improves myocardial perfusion and mortality in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST elevation myocardial infarction: a metaanalysis of randomized trials. De Luca G., Dudek D., Sardella G., [et al.] Eur. Heart J. - 2008, Vol. 29, P. 3002-3010.

44.   Jolly S.S. Thrombus Aspiration in ST-Segment- Elevation Myocardial Infarction: An Individual Patient MetaAnalysis: Thrombectomy Trialists Collaboration. Jolly S.S., James S., Dhavнk V., [et al.] Circulation. 2017, Vol. 135, P. 143-152.

45.   Ibanez B.. Acute Myocardial Infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation (Management of) ESC Clinical Practice Guidelines 2017. Ibanez B., James S.,    Ag S., [et al.] Eur. Heart J. 2017, P. 1-66

46.   Schroder R. Extent of early ST segment elevation resolution: a simple but strong predictor of outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Schroder R., Dissmann R., Bruggemann T., [et al.] J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1994, Vol. 24, P. 384-391.

47.   Taghizadeh B. AngioJet trombectomy and stenting for reperfusion in acute MI complicated with cardiogenic shock. Taghizadeh B., Chiu J.A., Papaleo R., [et al.] Cathet. Cardiovasc.Invervent. - 2002, Vol. 57, P. 79-84. 

Abstract

Aim: was to explore clinical efficacy and safety of two distal radial approach (DRA) types in primary percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients.

Materials and methods: 113 ACS patients with endovascular procedure that had been performed through DRA - met entry criteria. Standard DRA was performed within anatomic snuffbox in 82 patients (72,6%) and modified - on the dorsal surface of the palm (dorsopalmar type) in 31 patients (27,4%). Approach conversion was performed in 7 patients (6,2%). PCI on syndrome- related artery was performed in 94 patients (83,2%). On completion of PCI and final approach angiography, hemostasis was performed with bandage application for 6 hours. Hemostasis comfort was determined by 10 point verbal descriptor Gaston-Johansson scale. On the 5th-7th day after PCI, all patients underwent visual check, palpation and ultrasound duplex scan (UDS).

Results: procedure and fluoroscopy time, X-ray load, hemostasis comfort - didn't depend on DRA type. Examination, palpation, UDS performed on the 5th-7th day after PCI didn't reveal cases of forearm radial artery occlusion (RAO). Subcutaneous forearm hematoma (EASY III - IV) was registered in 3 cases (2,7%). RAO was registered in standard DRA group only in 4 cases (3,5%). There were no cases of access side RAO in dorsopalmar DRA group.

Conclusion: DRA modifications for PCI in ACS patients are valuable addition to classic radial approach. Dorsopalmar DRA can be considered as basic approach.

References

1.     Campeau L. Percutaneous radial artery approach for coronary angiography. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1989; 16:3-7.

2.     Kiemeneij F, Laarmann Gj, de Melker E. Transradial coronary artery angioplasty (Abstr). Circulation. 1993; 88: I-251.

3.     Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S. et al. 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. Heart J. 2018; 39 (2): 119-77.

4.     Neumann F.J., Sousa-Uva M., Ahlsson A. et al. 2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur. Heart J. 2018; Aug. 25.

5.     Valgimigli M, Gagnor A, Calabro P. et al. MATRIX Investigators. Radial versus femoral access in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing invasive management: A randomised multicentre trial. Lancet. 2015; 385:2465-2476.

6.     Bazemore E, Tift Man J, Problems and Complications of the Transradial Approach for Coronary Interventions: A Review Issue Number J Invasive Cardiol. 2005 Mar;17(3):156-9.

7.     Stawin J, Kubler P, Szczepanski A. et al. (2013). Radial artery occlusion after percutaneous coronary interventions - an underestimated issue. Postepy Kardiol Interwencyjnej. 2013 18; 9(4):353-61. Epub 2013 Nov 18.

8.     Avdikos G, Karatasakis A, Tsoumeleas A. et al. Radial artery occlusion after transradial coronary catheterization. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2017; 7(3):305-316.

9.     Kotowycz MA, DГlavнk V. Radial artery patency after transradial catheterization. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2012; 5:127-33.

10.   Karpov YA, Samko AN, Buza VV. Coronary angioplasty and stenting. Moscow, 2010; 235 [In Russ].

11.   Babunashvili A, Dundua D. Recanalization and reuse of early occluded radial artery within 6 days after previous transradial diagnostic procedure. Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2011; 77 (4): 530-6.

12.   Kaledin AL, Kochanov IN, Seletskiy SS. et al. Peculiarities of arterial access in endovascular surgery in elderly patients. Uspekhi Gerontologii. 2014; 27 (1): 115-9 [In Russ].

13.   Kiemeneij F. Left distal transradial access in the anatomical snuffbox for coronary angiography (ldTRA) and interventions (ldTRI). EuroIntervention. 2017; 13 (7): 851-7.

14.   Al-Azizi KM, Lotfi AS. The distal left radial artery access for coronary angiography and intervention: a new era. Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med. 2018; Dec 26; 19(8S): 35-40.

15.   Valsecchi O, Vassileva A, Cereda AF. et al. Early clinical experience with right and left distal transradial access in the anatomical snuffbox in 52 consecutive patients. J. Invasive Cardiol. 2018; 30(6): 218-23.

16.   Soydan E, Akin M. Coronary angiography using the left distal radial approach - an alternative site to conventional radial coronary angiography. Anatol. J. Cardiol. 2018; 19: 243-248. Mar. 21.

17.   Manchurov VN, Orlov OS, Anisimov KV. et al. Distal transradial access for percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with acute coronary syndrome and ischemic heart disease. Endovasculyarnaya. khirurgiya. 2018; 5 (4): 438-44 [In Russ].

18.   Kaledin AL, Kochanov IN, Podmetin PS., et al. Distal part of the radial artery for endovascular interventions. Endоskulyarnaya khirurgiya. 2017; 4(2): 125-133 [In Russ].

19.   Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis et al. (23 September 2014). "2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 130 (25): e344-e426.

20.   Gaston-Johansson F, Albert M, Fagan et al. Similarities in pain descriptions of four different ethnic-culture groups. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1990; 5: 94-100.

21.   Bertrand OF. Acute forearm muscle swelling post transradial catheterization and compartment syndrome: prevention is better than treatment! Catheter Cardio Interv. 2010; 75:366-8.

22.   Radial access for percutaneous coronary procedure: relationship between operator expertise and complications. Clin Exp Emerg Med. 2018 Jun; 5(2): 95-99.

23.   Rafael J Ruiz-Salmeryna, Ramyn Moraa, Manuel Velez-Gimyna et al. Radial Artery Spasm in Transradial Cardiac Catheterization. Assessment of Factors Related to Its Occurrence, and of Its Consequences During Follow-Up. Revista Espanola de cardiologia. 2005; 58(5): 465610.

Abstract

Background: ongoing abdominal and pelvic bleeding is one of main causes of deaths among patients with penetrating and blunt trauma. Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is a method for temporary patient's stabilization and reducing blood loss.

Aim: was to present result of work of 1st-level trauma-center: to describe experience of application of methodics of REBOA in center, to estimate its efficacy on the base of retrospective analysis of hospital charts of injured and heavy damaged patients.

Materials and methods: during the period between April 2013 and November 2017, 14 REBOA procedures to patients with abdominal (thoracic aorta occlusion) and pelvic (occlusion of the aortic bifurcation) bleeding were performed at the War Surgery Department of the «KirovMilitaryMedicalAcademy». A decision to do REBOA was made upon admission according to significant hypotension (systolic blood pressure [sBP] less than 70 mm Hg.) or cardiac arrest, abdominal free fluid and/or mechanically unstable pelvic fractures.

Results: mean time from admission to REBOA was 27,5 [10,0-52,5] minutes. The procedure took 10 [5-13] minutes. Average BP elevation after balloon inflation was 43±16 mm Hg. Survival in acute phase of trauma (first 12 hours) was 57.1%, while total survival rate was only 14.3% (2/14 patients). One REBOA-associated major complication was registered - development of irreversible ischemia due to long sheath dwell time in the femoral artery.

Conclusion: REBOA is effective for temporary hemodynamic stabilization and internal hemorrhage control, it allows increasing early survival in severe trauma. Factors to improve short- and long-term outcome, total survival warrant to be additionally investigated, especially in terms of intensive care improvement.

References

1.     Stannard A., Eliason J.L., Rasmussen T.E. Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) as an adjunct for hemorrhagic shock. J. Trauma. 2011; 71(6): 1869-1872.

2.     Barnard E.B.G., Morrison J.J., Madureira R.M. et al. Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA): a population based gap analysis of trauma patients in England and Wales. Emerg. Med. J. 2015; 32 (12): 926-932.

3.     Brenner M.L., Moore L.J., DuBose J.J. et al. A clinical series of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta for hemorrhage control and resuscitation. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 75 (3): 506-511.

4.     Moore L.J., Brenner M., Kozar R.A. et al. Implementation of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta as an alternative to resuscitative thoracotomy for resuscitative balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA). J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 81 (3): 409-419.

5.     Zavrazhnov A.A. Damage of large vessels of the abdomen: ways to improve diagnosis and treatment: Diss. kand. med. Nauk. St.Petersburg. 1996; 201 [In Russ].

6.     Sadeghi M., Nilsson K.F., Larzon T. et al. The use of aortic balloon occlusion in traumatic shock: first report from the ABO trauma registry. Eur. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg. 2018; 44 (4): 491-501.

7.     Hughes C.W. Use of an intra-aortic balloon catheter tamponade for controlling intra-abdominal hemorrhage in man. Surgery. 1954; 36 (1): 65-68.

8.     DuBose J.J., Scalea T.M., Brenner M. et al. The AAST prospective Aortic Occlusion for Resuscitation in Trauma and Acute Care Surgery (AORTA) registry: Data on contemporary utilization and outcomes of aortic occlusion and resuscitative balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA). J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 81 (3): 409-419.

9.     Martinelli T., Thoni F., Declety P. et al. Intra-aortic balloon occlusion to salvage patients with life-threatening hemorrhagic shocks from pelvic fractures. J. Trauma. 2010; 68 (4): 942-948.

10.   Brenner M., Hoehn M., Pasley J. et al. Basic endovascular skills for trauma course: bridging the gap between endovascular techniques and the acute care surgeon. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014; 77 (2): 286-291.

11.   DuBose J., Fabian T., Bee T. et al. Contemporary utilization of resuscitative thoracotomy: results from the AAST aortic occlusion for resuscitation in trauma and acute care surgery (AORTA) multicenter registry. Shock. 2018; 50 (4): 414-420.

12.   Gumanenko E.K. An objective assessment of the severity of injuries. Voenno-medicinskij zhurnal. 1996; 317 (10): 25-34 [In Russ].

13.   Samokhvalov I.M., Reva V.A., Pronchenko A.A., Agliulin V.F. Comparison of the effectiveness of emergency thoracotomy in wounded and injured. Zdorov'e. Medicinskaja jekologija. Nauka. 2012; 1-2 (47-48): 43 [In Russ].

14.   White J.M., Cannon J.W., Stannard A. et al. Endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta is superior to resuscitative thoracotomy with aortic clamping in a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock. Surgery. 2011; 150 (3): 400-409.

15.     Ogura T., Lefor A.T., Nakano M. et al. Nonoperative management of hemodynamically unstable abdominal trauma patients with angioembolization and resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015; 78 (1): 132-135

Abstract

Aim: was to compare annual results of the use of stents with drug eluting - «NanoMed» and Orsiro.

Material and methods: in a randomized prospective study, an analysis of clinical and angiographic data of 1040 patients after stenting of coronary arteries with the observation period of 12 months was performed. The study and control groups randomly included 520 patients with implanted stents «NanoMed» and Orsiro.

Results: main initial clinical demographic and angiographic indicators did not statistically significantly differ. The primary endpoint (TLF - target lesion failure) was achieved in 6.5 and 5.9% in «NanoMed» and Orsiro groups, respectively (p = 0.7). Target lesion revascularization (TLR) was performed in study and control groups, respectively, in 1.7 versus 1.2% of cases (p = 0.4).

Conclusion: thus, in a comparative analysis of the use of stents «NanoMed» and Orsiro for a period of 12 months - no statistically significant difference was revealed.

References

1.     El-Hayek G, Bangalore S, Casso Dominguez A, et al. Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials Comparing Biodegradable Polymer Drug-Eluting Stent to Second-Generation Durable Polymer Drug-Eluting Stents. JACC Cardiovasc. Interv. 2017; 10(5): 462-473.

2.     Joner M, Finn A, Farb A, et al. Pathology of drug-eluting stents in humans: delayed healing and late thrombotic risk. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006; 48: 193-202.

3.     Sarno G, Lagerqvist B, Fmbert O, et al. Lower risk of stent thrombosis and restenosis with unrestricted use of 'newgeneration' drug-eluting stents: a report from the nation wide Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry (SCAAR). Eur. Heart J. 2012; 33(5): 606-613.

4.     ittelbach M, Diener T Orsiro - the first hybrid drug-eluting stent, opening up a new class of drug-eluting stents for superior patient outcomes. Interv. Cardiol. 2011; 6(2):142-144.

5.     Kandzari D, Mauri L, Koolen J, et al. Ultrathin, bioresorbable polymer sirolimus-eluting stents versus thin, durable polymer everolimus-eluting stents in patients undergoing coronary revascularization (BIOFLOW V): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2017; 390: 1843-1852.

6.     Cutlip D, Windecker S, Mehran R, et al. Clinical End Points in Coronary Stent Trials. A Case for Standardized Definitions. Research Consortium. Circulation. 2007; 115(17): 2344-2351.

7.     Thygesen K, Alpert J, Jaffe A, et al. Third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Expert consensus document. Circulation. 2012; 126: 2020-2035.

8.     Silber S, Windecker S, Vranckx P, Serruys PW. Unrestricted randomiseduse of two new generation drug-eluting coronary stents: 2-year patient-related versus stent-related outcomes from the RESOLUTE All Comers Trial. Lancet. 2011; 377: 1241-1247.

9.     Bazylev VV, SHmatkov MG, Morozov ZA. Comparative evaluation of endothelialization of stents with permanent and biodegradable coatings at an early stage with help of optical coherence tomography. Diagnosticheskaya i intervencionnaya radiologiya. 2017: 11(4): 11-15. [In Russ]

10.   Bazylev VV, SHmatkov MG, Morozov ZA. Comparative results of the use of coronary stents with drug coating «Nanomed» and Orsiro. Angiologiya i sosudistaya hirurgiya. 2019 ; 25(2): 57-62. [In Russ]

11.   Prohorihin AA, Bajstrukov VI, Grazhdankin IO, et al. Simple, blind, prospective, randomized, multicenter study of the efficacy and safety of the KalIpso sirolimus-eluting coronary stent and the XiencePrime everolimus-eluting coronary stent: PATRIOT study results. Patologiya krovoobrashcheniya i kardiohirurgiya. 2017; 21(3): 76-85. [In Russ]

Abstract

We performed an analysis of literature data about angiosome concept in treatment of patients wih critical lower limb ishemia. We presented data on the appearance and development of this concept. Possibilities of using this tactic in various situations are considered, advantages and disadvantages of this concept are shown. Factors, limiting the effectiveness of this method, and alternative methods when it is impossible to restore blood flow according to the angiosome concept - the degree of lesion of arteries and the development of collateral blood flow to restore perfusion of soft tissues are given. It has been shown that the correct assessment of collateral arteries in critical lower limb ischemia plays a central role in any type of lower limb revascularization, and this statement also applies to a strategy based on the angiosome concept.

Refereneces

1.      Diabetes: Newsletter. No. 312 [Electronic resource]. Vsemirnaya Organizaciya Zdravoohraneniya. ZHeneva,2011. Rezhim dostupa: www.who.int/mediacentre/ factsheets/fs312/ru/index.html. Data dostupa: 31.03.11. [In Russ.]

2.      Wild S et al. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004. Vol. 27. P. 1047-1053.

3.      Sachek M.G., Bulavkin V.P., Eroshkin S.N. Possibilities of direct limb revascularization in treatment of patients with diabetic foot syndrome. Novosti hirurgii tom 19. №4.2011. [In Russ.]

4.      Ancyferov M. B. i dr. Prophylaxis system of lower limb' amputations in patients with diabetes mellitus and prospects for its implementation in Moscow. Problemy endokrinologii. 2007. T. 53, № 5. S. 8-12. [In Russ.]

5.      Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, et al: Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease [TASC II]. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007; 33Suppl 1:S32-55 S.

6.      Mitchell ME: lower extremity major amputations. In: Diabetic foot, lower extremity arterial disease and limb salvage. Philadelphia, lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006:341-350.

7.      Eroshkin S.N.. Long-term results of treatment of patients with purulent-necrotic forms of diabetic foot syndrome, depending on used methods of revascularization. Novosti hirurgii tom 21. № 4. 2013. [In Russ.]

8.      Ikonen T.S., Sund R., Venermo M., Winell K.: Fewer major amputations among individuals with diabetes in Finland in 1997-2007: a population-based study. Diabetes Care 2010;33:2598-2603.

9.      Graziani l., Silvestro A., Bertone V., et al: Vascular involvement in diabetic subjects with ischemic foot ulcer: a new morphologic categorization of disease severity. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007;33:453-460.

10.    Lepantalo M., Apelqvist J., Setacci C., et al: Chapter v: Diabetic foot. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011;42 Suppl 2: S60-74.

11.    Alexandrescu V., Sцderstrцm M., Venermo M. Angiosome theory: fact or fiction? Scandinavian Journal of Surgery 101: 125-131, 2012.

12.    Lepantalo M., Biancari F, Tukiainen E.: never amputate without consultation of a vascular surgeon. Diabetes Metab Res Rev2000;[16]: Suppl 1: S27-32

13.    Beard J.D. Which is the best revascularization for critical limb ischemia:endovascular or open surgery? J Vasc Surg. 2008; 48(6 Suppl): 11S-6S. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.08.036.

14.    Romiti M, Albers M, Brochado-Neto FC, et al. Metaanalysis of infrapopliteal angioplasty for chronic critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2008;47(5):975-981. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.01.005.

15.    Bondarenko O.N., Galstyan G.R., Ayubova N.L., i dr. Outcomes of endovascular interventions in patients with diabetes mellitus and critical lower limb ischemia. Sbornik tezisov. VI Vserossijskij diabetolgicheskij kongress. M.:2013.         S 170. [In Russ.]

16.    Soderstrom M, Arvela E, Alback A, Aho PS, lepantalo M: Healing of ischaemic tissue lesions after infrainguinal bypass surgery for critical leg ischaemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2008;36:90-9515.

17.    CheshireN.J.. Wolfe J.H.N. Does distal revascularization for limb salvage work? It Trials and tribulations of vascular surgery. R.M. Grcenhaugh. F.G.R. Fowkcs. eds. Philadelphia: Saunders. 1996. P 353-363.

18.    Berceli S.A.. Chan A.K.. Pomposelli F.B. ct al. Efficacy of dorsal pedal artery bypass in limb salvage for ischemic heel ulcers. J. Vase. Surg. 1999. Vol. 30. X» 3. P 499-508.

19.    Taylor GI, Palmer JH: The vascular territories [angiosomes] of the body: experimental studies and clinical applications. Br J Plast Surg 1987;40:113-141.

20.    Taylor GI, Pan WR: Angiosomes of the leg: anatomic study and clinical implications. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997;4:183-198.

21.    Attinger CE, Evans KK, Bulan E, Blume P, Cooper P Angiosomes of the Foot and Ankle and Clinical Implications for Limb Salvage: Reconstruction, Incisions, and Revascularization Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 117 (Suppl.): 261S, 2006.

22.    Neville RF, Attinger CE, Bulan EJ, et al: Revascularization of a specific angiosome for limb salvage: does the target artery matter? Ann Vasc Surg 2009;23[3]: 367-7320.

23.    Varela C, Acin nF, Haro JD, et al: The role of foot collateral vessels on ulcer healing and limb salvage after successful endovascular and surgical distal procedures according to an angiosome model. Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010;44:654-660.

24.    Iida o, nanto S, Uematsu M, et al: Importance of the angiosome concept for endovascular therapy in patients with critical limb ischemia. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2010;75:830-836.

25.    Iida О, Soga Y Hirano K, et al: long-term results of direct and indirect endovascular revascularization based on the angiosome concept in patients with critical limb ischemia presenting with isolated below-the-knee lesions. J Vasc Surg 2012;55:363-370.

26.    Soderstrom, M., Alback, A., Biancari, F., Lappalainen, K., Lepantalo, M., and Venermo, M. Angiosome-targeted infrapopliteal endovascular revascularization for treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. J Vasc Surg. 2013; 57: 427-435.

27.    Biancari F , Juvonen T. Angiosome-targeted lower limb revascularization for ischemic foot wounds: systematic review and meta-analysis. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery volume 47. Issue 5 p. 517e522 2014.

28.    Huang Tzu-Yen, Huang Ting-Shuo, MD, PhD, et al, Direct revascularization with the angiosome concept for lower limb ischemia. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Medicine 94(34):e1427.

29.    Bosanquet D.C., Glasbey J.C.D., Williams I.M., Twine C.P. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Direct Versus Indirect Angiosomal Revascularisation of Infrapopliteal Arteries European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Volume 48 Issue 1 p. 88e97 July/2014.

30.    Azuma N, Uchida H, Kokubo T, Koya A, Akasaka n, Sasajima T: Factors influencing wound healing of critical ischaemic foot after bypass surgery: is the angiosome important in selecting bypass target artery? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2012;43: 322-328.

31.    Iram Naz, Kaitlyn M. Dunphy, BS, et al . The Impact on Wound Healing and Major Amputation-free Survival in Patients With Isolated Below-the-Knee Arterial Disease After Angiosome-Directed Endovascular Revascularization Journal of Vascular Surgery August 2018, Volume 68, Issue 2, Page e24.

32.    Elbadawy A, Ali H, Saleh M, Hasaballah. A Prospective Study to Evaluate Complete Wound Healing and Limb Salvage Rates After Angiosome Targeted Infrapopliteal Balloon Angioplasty in Patients with Critical Limb Ischaemia A. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2018;55:391-6.

33.    Doherty TM, Fitzpatrick LA, Inoue D, et al. Molecular, endocrine, and genetic mechanisms of arterial calcification. Endocr Rev. 2004;25(4):629-672. doi: 10.1210/ er.2003-0015.

34.    Dedov I.I., Anciferov M.B., Galstyan G.R., i dr. Diabetic foot syndrome. M.: «Universum Pablishing»; 1998. [In Russ.]

35.    Shanahan CM1, Cary NR, Salisbury JR, et al. Medial localization of mineralization-regulating proteins in association with Monckeberg’s sclerosis: evidence for smooth muscle cell-mediated vascular calcification. Circulation. 1999; 100(21 ):2168-2176. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.100. 21.2168.

36.    Ayubova N.L., Bondarenko O.N., Galstyan G.R. i dr. Features of lesions of lower limb’ arteries and clinical outcomes of endovascular interventions in patients with diabetes mellitus with critical ischemia of lower limbs and chronic kidney disease. Saharnyj diabet. 2013. T. 16. №4 S.85-94. [In Russ.]

37.    Bondarenko O.N., Galstyan G.R., Dedov I.I. Clinical features of critical lower limb ischemia and the role of endovascular revascularization in patients with diabetes mellitus. 2015;18(3):57-69. [In Russ.]

38.    O’neal lW: Surgical pathology of the foot and clinicopathologic correlations. In: levin and o’neal’s The Diabetic Foot. Philadelphia, Mosby Elsevier 2008:367-401.

39.    Simons JP, Goodney PP, nolan BW, et al: Failure to achieve clinical improvement despite graft patency in patients undergoing infrainguinal lower extremity bypass for critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg 2010;51[6]: 1419-1424.

40.    Khan MU, lall P, Harris lM, et al: Predictors of limb loss despite a patent endovascular-treated arterial segment. J Vasc Surg 2009;49[6]:1445-1446.

41.    Platonov S. A., Kaputin M. YU., Ovcharenko D. V.. CHistyakov S. P., Voronkov A. A., Zavackij V. V., Dudonov I. P. The role of collateral blood supply to the foot in the healing of trophic defects and preservation of the limb in patients with critical lower limb ischemia. Med. akad. zhurn. 2011.T 11. № Z.S. 105-111. [In Russ.]

Abstract

Aim: was to determine characteristic signs of instability and threatening rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms, detected by computed tomography (CT) according to analysis of modern literature.

Materials: international clinical recommendations and studies of 36 domestic and foreign authors on the diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) using computed tomography (CT) were studied. We studied publications that describe the pathogenetic mechanisms of AAA rupture, structural changes in the aortic wall and surrounding tissues, which can be regarded as signs of the formation of aneurysm rupture.

Conclusion: according to literature, specific CT signs of aortic wall instability and data on the high diagnostic value of some of them are presented. Methodological aspects of the analysis of CT data are described for large aneurysms and complex configurations.

References

1.      Pokrovskij A.V. (red.). Clinical Angiology: practical guide in in 2 vol. M.: Medicina. 2004. [In Russ]

2.      Davis C.A. Computed tomography for the diagnosis and management of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Surg. Clin. North Am. 2011; 91(1): 185-193.

3.      National guidelines for the management of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. Angiologiya i serdechno-sosudistaya hirurgiya. 2013; 19 (2, Pril.): 72. [In Russ]

4.      Prokop M., Galanski M. (red.). Spiral and multilayer computed tomography: in 2 vol. 3-e izd. M.: MEDpress- info. 2011. [ [In Russ]

5.      Pleumeekers H.J., Hoes A.W., van der Does E., et al. Aneurysms of the abdominal aorta in older Aneurysms of the abdominal aorta in older adults. The Rotterdam Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1995; 142 (12): 1291-1299.

6.      Singh K., Bonaa K.H., Jacobsen B.K., et al. Prevalence and risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms in a ence and risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms in a population-based study: the Tromsu Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2001; 154 (3): 236-244.

7.      Ahmed M.Z., Ling L., Ettles D.F. Common and uncommon CT findings in rupture and impending rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Clin. Radiol. 2013; 68(9): 962-971.

8.      Genovese E.A., Fonio P, Floridi C. et al. Abdominal vascular emergencies: US and CT assessment. Crit. Ultrasound J. 2013; 5(Suppl 1): S10.

9.      Wadgaonkar A.D., Black J.H. 3rd, Weihe E.K. et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysms revisited: MDCT with multi-planar meconstructions for identifying indicators of instability in the pre- and postoperative patient. Radiographics. 2015; 35 (1): 254-268.

10.    Vorp D. Biomechanics of abdominal aortic aneurysm. J. Biomech. 2007; 40(9): 1887-1902.

11.    Fillinger M.F., Racusin J., Baker R.K. et al. Anatomic characteristics of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm on conventional CT scans: Implications for rupture risk. J. Vasc. Surg. 2004; 39 (6): 1243-1252.

12.    Hinchliffe R.J, Alric P, Rose D. et al. Comparison of morphologic features of intact and ruptured aneurysms of infrarenal abdominal aorta. J. Vasc. Surg. 2003; 38(1): 88-92.

13.    Johnson P.T., Fishman E.K. IV contrast selection for MDCT: current thoughts and practice. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 2006; 186 (2): 406-415.

14.    Brewster D.C., Cronenwett J.L., Hallett J.W. Jr et al. Guidelines for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Report of a subcommittee of the Joint Council of the American Association for Vascular Surgery and Society for Vascular Surgery. J. Vasc. Surg. 2003; 37(5): 1106-1117.

15.    Vu K.N., Kaitoukov Y, Morin-Roy F. et al. Rupture signs on computed tomography, treatment, and outcome of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Insights Imaging. 2014; 5 (3): 281-293.

16.    Halliday K.E., al-Kutoubi A. Draped aorta: CT sign of contained leak of aortic aneurysms. Radiology. 1996; 199(1): 41-43.

17.    Yuksekkaya R., Koner A.E., Celikyay F. et al. Multidetector computed tomography angiography findings of chronic-contained thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm rupture with severe thoracal vertebral body erosion. Case Rep. Radiol. 2013; 2013: 596517.

18.    Schwartz S.A., Taljanovic M.S., Smyth S. et al. CT findings of rupture, impending rupture, and contained rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 2007; 188 (1): W57-62.

19.    Mehard W.B., Heiken J.P., Sicard G.A. High-attenuating crescent in abdominal aortic aneurysm wall at CT: a sign of acute or impending rupture. Radiology. 1994; 192(2): 359-362.

20.    Radiological diagnosis of diseases of the heart and blood vessels: a national guide. (edited by L.S. Kokova). M.: GEHOTAR-Media. 2011; 256. [ [In Russ]

21.    Erbel R., Aboyans V., Boileau C. et al. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases: Document covering acute and chronic aortic diseases of the thoracic and abdominal aorta of the adult. The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. Heart J. 2014; 35 (41): 28732926.

22.    Vorp D.A., Raghavan M.L., Webster M.W. Mechanical wall stress in abdominal aortic aneurysm: Influence of diameter and asymmetry. J. Vasc. Surg. 1998; 27(4): 632639.

23.    Fillinger M.F., Raghavan M.L., Marra S.P. et al. In vivo analysis of mechanical wall stress and abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture risk. J. Vasc. Surg. 2002; 36(3): 589-597.

24.    Kontopodis N., Metaxa E., Papaharilaou Y et al. Advancements in identifying biomechanical determinants for abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture. Vascular. 2015; 23(1): 65-77.

25.    Doyle B.J., Callanan A., Burke P.E. et al. Vessel asymmetry as an additional diagnostic tool in the assessment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. J. Vasc. Surg. 2009; 49(2): 443-454.

26.    Giannoglou G., Giannakoulas G., Soulis J. et al. Predicting the risk of rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms by utilizing various geometrical parameters: Revisiting the diameter criterion. Angiology. 2006; 57(4): 487-494.

27.    Georgakarakos E., Ioannou C.V., Kamarianakis Y et al. The role of geometric parameters in the prediction of abdominal aortic aneurysm wall stress. Eur. J. Vasc. Surg. 2010; 39(1): 42-48.

28.    Moxon J.V., Adam Parr, Emeto T.I. et al. Diagnosis and monitoring of abdominal aortic aneurysm: Current status and future prospects. J. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2010; 35: 512-548.

29.    Polzer S., Gasser T.C., Swedenborg J., Bursa J. The impact of intraluminal thrombus failure on the mechanical stress in the wall of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2011; 41 (4):467-473.

30.    Hunter G.C., LeongS.C., Yu G.S. Aortic blebs: Possible site of aneurysm rupture. J. Vasc. Surg. 1989; 10(1): 93-99.

31.    Rakita D., Newatia A., Hines J.J. et al. Spectrum of CT findings in rupture and impending rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms. RadioGraphics. 2007; 27(2): 497-507.

32.    Oldenburg W.A., Almerey T. Erosion of lumbar vertebral bodies from a chronic contained rupture of an abdominal aortic pseudoaneurysm. J. Vasc. Surg. Cas. Innovat. Techn. 2016; 2(4): 197-199.

33.    Endovascular aneurysm repair vs. open repair in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (EVAR trial 1): randomized control trial. Lancet. 2005; 365: 2179-2186.

34.    Zarins C.K., White R.A., Fogarty T.J. Aneurysm rupture after endovascular repair using the aneurx stent graft. J. Vasc. Surg. 2000; 31(5): 960-970.

35.    Zarins C.K., White R.A., Hodgson K.J. et al. Endoleak as a predictor of outcome after endovascular aneurysm repair: AneuRx multicenter clinical trial. J. Vasc. Surg. 2000; 32(1): 90-107.

36.    Bernhard V.M., Mitchell R.S., Matsumura J.S. et al. Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm after endovascular repair. J. Vasc. Surg. 2002; 35(6): 1155-1162.

Abstract:

Aim: was to develop a compleх ultrasound assessment of atherosclerotic plaque instability in correlation with morphological evaluation.

Material and methods: research included 121 patients with stenosis of left/right internal carotic artery (ICA) of 50% and more (due to NASCET scale): 80 men and 41 women, mean age 56,0 years. All patients underwent standart and contrast-enhanced ultrasonic scanning (CEUS), bilateral duplex monitoring of cerebral blood flow with registration of microembolic signals (MES). All patients in period up to 3 days after hospitalization - underwent carotid endarterectomy with histological examination of atheroscleroitc plaque.

Results: analysis of relationship between ultrasound and histological characteristics showed a moderate association between the intensity of contrast agent accumulation and the degree of plaque vascularization (Cramer's V 0,529; p<<0,000;) number of lipofages (Cramer's V 0,569; p<<0,001). There were no significant differences between the degree of plaque vascularization and the degree of plaque stenosis (p<0,05). We revealed significant differences between the number of MES and the intensity of atherosclerotic plaque blood supply (<<0,001).

Discussions: intensive accumulation of contrast agent in a plaque is associated with the process of angiogenesis and inflammation, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound examination of the plaque is promising for assessing its instability and the possible risk of developing cerebral vascular complications. Neovascularization intensity detected by contrast-enhanced ultrasound is associated with the number of detected microparticles in the cerebral blood flow, and does not depend on the degree of stenosis.

Conclusions: method of comprehensive assessment using CEUS and Doppler detection of microembolic particles can be effective in stratifying the risk of possible ischemic stroke in asymptomatic patients, for optimizing indications for surgical treatment of atherosclerotic plaque, and evaluating the effectiveness of lipid-lowering and statin therapy.

References

1.     Liapis CD, Bell PR., Mikhailidis D., Sivenius J.et al. ESVS Guidelines Collaborators. ESVS guidelines. Invasive treatment for carotid stenosis: indications, techniques. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009 Apr; 37(4 Suppl):1-19.

2.     Nicolaides AN, Kakkos SK, Kyriacou E, Griffin M, et al. Asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis and cerebrovascular risk stratification.Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis and Risk of Stroke (ACSRS) Study Group. J Vasc Surg. 2010 Dec; 52(6):1486-1496.e1-5.

3.     Guideline on the Management of Patients With Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease ACCF/AHA Pocket Guideline Based on the 2011ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/ SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS. P 22-23.

4.     Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis.Circulation. 2002 Mar 5; 105(9):1135-43.

5.     Redgrave JN, Lovett JK, Rothwell PM. Histological features of symptomatic carotid plaques in relation to age and smoking: the oxford plaque study. Stroke. 2010; 41:2288-94.

6.     Gray-Weale AC, Graham JC, Burnett JR, Byrne K, Lusby RJ. Carotid artery atheroma: comparison of preoperative B-mode ultrasound appearance with carotid endarterectomy specimen pathology. J Cardiovasc Surg. 1988;29:676-681.

7.     Kwon HM, Sangiorgi GU, Ritman EL, et al.Enhanced coronary vasa vasorum neovascularization in experimental hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 15511556.

8.     Cosgrove D. Angiogenesis imaging-ultrasound. Br J Radiol 2003; 76:S43-9.

9.     Kumamoto M, Nakashima Y, Sueishi K. Intimal neovascularization in human coronary atherosclerosis: its origin and pathophysiological significance. Hum Pathol 1995; 26:450-6.

10.   Balahonova T.V., Pogorelova O.A., Tripoten' M.I., Gerasimova V.V., Safiulina A.A., Rogoza A.N. Contrast enhancement during ultrasound examination of blood vessels: atherosclerosis, nonspecific aortoarteritis. Ul'trazvukovaya i funkcional'naya diagnostika 2015; 4: 33-45. [In Russ].

11.   Coli S, Magnoni M, Sangiorgi G, Marrocco-Trischitta M. et al.Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound imaging of intraplaque neovascularisatopn in carotid arteries. J of the American College of Cardioilogy 2008; 52(3): 345-2.

12.   Vicenzini E. Giannoni MF, Puccinelli F. et al. Detection of carotid adventitial vasa vasorum and plaque vascularisation with ultrasound cadence contrast pulsr sequencing technique and echo-contrast agents. Stroke 2007; 38:2841-3.

13.   Shah F, Balah P, Weinber M, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging of atherosclerotic plaque neovascularization: a new surrogate marker of atherosclerosis? Vasc Med 2007; 12:291-7.

14.   CHechetkin AO, Druina L.D., Possibilities of contrast ultrasound in angioneurology. Annaly klinicheskoj I eksperimental'noj nevrologii 2015; 9(2): 33-40. [In Russ].

15.   Silvestre-Roig C, de Winther MP Atherosclerotic plaque destabilization: mechanisms, models, and therapeutic strategies. Weber C, Daemen MJ, Lutgens E, Soehnlein O. Circ Res. 2014 Jan 3; 114(1):214-26.

16.   Ross R. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. Am Heart J. 1999; 138:S419-20. doi: 10.1016/S0002-8703(99)70266-8.

17.   Casadei M, Floreani R, Catalini C, Serra AP, Assanti and P Concif Sonographic characteristics of carotid artery plaques: Implications for follow-up planning? J Ultrasound. 2012 Sep; 15(3): 151-157.

18.   Carmeliet P Angiogenesis in health and disease. Nat Med 2003;9;653-52.

19.   Moulton K.,Vakili K., Zurakovski D., et al. Inhibition of plaque neovascularizatopn reduces macrophage accumulation and progression of anvanced atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100: 4736-41.

20.   Naghavi M, Libby P, Falk E, Casscells SW, Litovsky S, Rumberger J, et al. From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: Part II. Circulation. 2003;108:1772-8. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000087481.55887.C9.

21.   Gutstein DE, Fuster V. Pathophysiology and clinical significance of atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Cardiovasc Res. 1999; 41:323-33. doi: 10.1016/S0008-6363(98) 00322-8.

22.   Petrikov SS, Hamidova LT. About the conference «Emergency care for patients with acute cerebrovascular accident» ZHurnal im. N.V. Sklifosovskogo «Neotlozhnaya medicinskaya pomoshch'». 2015; 1:11-18. [In Russ].

23.   Krylov VV., Dash'yan VG., Lemenyov VL., Dalibaldyan VA., i dr. Surgical treatment of patients with bilateral occlusion-stenotic lesions of brachiocephalic arteries. Nejrohirurgiya.2014; 16-25. [In Russ].

24.   Novikov N.E. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound examinations. History of development and modern possibilities. Russian Electr. J. Radiol. (REJR). 2012; 2 (1): 20-28. [In Russ].

Abstract:

Background: the use of vascular closure devices (VCD) reduces the time of hemostasis, accelerates activation and discharge of the patient. Suture-mediated closure devices are closest in it's structure to the traditional surgical method of hemostasis. Advantages and disadvantages of these devices are mainly associated with design features. Stenoses, atherosclerosis, calcification and scars at the site of access are predictors of complications in the use of suturing devices. Although the effectiveness of these devices has been proven in several foreign studies, their data are not sufficient to draw clear conclusions.

Aim: was to evaluate advantages and disadvantages of using the suture-mediated closure devices after PCI.

Material and methods: study enrolled 208 adult patients, who underwent PCI in City Clinical Hospital named after M.P Konchalovsky, Moscow; FSBI «3 Central clinical military hospital n.a. A. A. Vishnevsky» Defense Ministry RF and SMRC preventive medicine of Department of Healthcare. Study group, where hemostasis after PCI was achieved by means of suture-mediated closure devices Perclose Pro Glide (Abbott Vascular), consisted of 90 patients, control group - 118 patients with manual hemostasis. Subjective feelings (pain, numbness, etc.) were assessed using a rating scale. The incidence of complications in the study group was 5.56%, in the control group - 6.78%. The comfort level of patients was higher in the study group

Results of the study: showed that the use of the Perclose device to achieve hemostasis after PC does not increase the frequency of regional vascular complications in compatison with manual hemostasis. But, at the same time, the use of VCD is an effective way to reduce the time of hemostasis, reduces the period of immobilization of the patient, which increases the patient's comfort and reduces patient's hospital stay.

References

1.      Caputo RP: Currently approved vascular closure devices. Card Interv Today: 70-76, 2012.

2.      Bechara CF, Annambhotla S, LinP H:Access site management with vascular closure devices for percutaneous transarterial procedures. J VascSurg 2010; 52:1682-1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs. 2010. 04.079.

3.      Sheth RA, Walker TG, Saad WE, et al: Quality improvement guidelines for vascular access and closure device use. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2014; 25: 73-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016Zj.jvir.2013.08.011.

4.      Haas PC, Krajcer Z, Diethrich Edward B: Closure of large percutaneous access sites using the Prostar XL percutaneous vascular surgery device. J Endovasc Surg. 1999; 168-170.

5.      Barbetta I, van den Berg J: Access and hemostasis: femora and popliteal approaches and closure devices — Why, what, when, and how? Semin Interv Radiol 2014; 31:353-360. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1055/s-0034-1393972.

6.      Boschewitz J M, Pieper CC, Andersson M, et al: Efficacy and time-to-hemostasis of antegrade femoral access closure using the exoseal vascular closure device: A retrospective single-center study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2014; 48:585-591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.ejvs.2014. 08.006.

7.      Gutzeit A, van Schie B, Schoch E, et al: Feasibility and safety of vascular closure devices in an antegrade approach to either the common femoral artery or the superficial femoral artery. 2012; Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 35:1036-1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s0 0270012-0454-5.

8.      Ward TJ, Weintraub J L: Vascular closure device update. Endovasc Today: 2015; 54-60.

9.      Hon LQ, Ganeshan A, Thomas SM, et al: An overview of vascular closure devices: What every radiologist should know. Eur J Radiol. 2010; 73:181-190,. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.09.023.

10.    Krajcer Z: The preclose technique for AAA repair. Endovasc Today: 2011; 46-54.

11.    Gerckens U, Cattelaens N, Lampe EG, Grube E. Management of arterial puncture site after catheterization procedures: evaluating a suture-mediated closure device. Am J Cardiol. 1999; 83:1658-63.

12.    Baim DS, Knopf WD, Hinohara T, et al. Suture-mediated closure of the femoral access site after cardiac catheterization: results of the suture to ambulate and discharge (STAND I and STAND II) trials. Am J Cardiol. 2000; 85:864-9.

13.    Fram D.B., Giri S., Jamil G., et al. Suture closure of the femoral arteriotomy following invasive cardiac procedures: a detailed analysis of efficacy, complications, and the impact of early ambulation in 1200 consecutive, unselected cases. Cathet Cardiovasc Interv. 2001; 53:163-73.

14.    Balzer J.O., Scheinert D., Diebold T., et al. Postinterventional transcutaneous suture of femoral artery access sites in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease: a study of 930 patients. Cathet Cardiovasc Interv. 2001;53.

Abstract:

Background: study presents data of recanalization of occlusions of access vein in patients after pacemaker implantation.

Material and methods: for the period of 2010-2018 a total of 461 patients underwent repeated antiarrhythmic device implantation. In 82(17,8%) patients we found malfunctioning leads. Total venous occlusion was found in 8(10%) cases. Attempt of recanalization was performed in 4 patients, in rest 4 cases recanalization was not performed, because of different reasons, and in 1 case it was unsuccessful.

Results: In 3 cases successful recanalization of venous occlusion and leads reimplantation were performed. In 2 cases - recanalization was performed using a guidewire and in 1 case a dilator for leads extraction was used. 5 patients underwent the contralateral implantation of a completely new system were performed.

Conclusions: recanalization of venous occlusion using a guidewire or a dilator is an effective method of treatment. These techniques allow to save contralateral access for other lifesaving procedures. However, recanalization using a dilator sheath might be associated with greater risk of complications such as perforation of subclavian vein, innominate vein or superior vena cava.

Thus, the choice of one or another strategy of recanalization is associated with technical difficulties and requires specialized tools and special skills of operating surgeon.

References

1.      Stoney W.S., Addlestone R.B., Alford Jr. W.C., Burrus G.R., Frist R.A., Thomas Jr C.S. The incidence of venous thrombosis following long-term transvenous pacing. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1976; 22 (2): 166170.

2.      Mitrovic V., Thormann J., Schlepper M., Neuss H. Thrombotic complications with pacemakers. International Journal of Cardiology. 1983; 2: 363-374.

3.      Basil Abu-El-Haija, MD; Prashant D. Bhave, MD, FHRS; Dwayne N. Campbell, MD, FHRS; Alexander Mazur, MD; Denice M. Hodgson-Zingman, MD, FHRS; Vlad Cotar- lan, MD; Michael C. Giudici, MD, FHRS. Venous Stenosis After Transvenous Lead Placement: A Study of Outcomes and Risk Factors in 212 Consecutive Patients. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2015; 1-6.

4.      Jose M. Marcial, MD, Seth J. Worley, MD, FHRS. Venous System Interventions for Device Implantation. Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics. 2018; 10: 163-177

5.      Haran Burri. Overcoming the challenge of venous occlusion for lead implantation. Indian pacing and electrophysiology journal. 2015; 15: 110-112.

6.      Lars Lickfett, Alexander Bitzen, Aravind Arepally. Khurram Nasir. Incidence of venous obstruction following insertion of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. A study of systematic contrast venography on patients presenting for their first elective ICD generator replacement. EP Europace. 2004; 6: 25-31.

7.      Mehrdad Golian, Minh Vo, Amir Ravandi, Colette M. Seifer. Venoplasty of a chronic venous occlusion allowing for cardiac device lead placement: A team approach. Indian pacing and electrophysiology journal. 2016; 6: 197-200.

8.      Marcio GK, MD, MSc, PhD, Ricardo Luiz Lima Andrade, MD, Gustavo Ramalho da Silva, MD, Hanry Barros Souto, MD. ICD Leads Extraction and Clearing of Access Way in a Patient With Superior Vena Cava Syndrome. Medicine. 2015; 38: 1-4.

9.      Maytin M, Epstein LM, Henrikson CA. Lead extraction is preferred for lead revisions and system upgrades: when less is more. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology. 2010; 3(4): 413-424.

10.    Worley SJ, Gohn DC, Pulliam RW. Excimer laser to open refractory subclavian occlusion in 12 consecutive patients. Heart Rhythm. 2010; 7(5): 634-638.

11.    Mathur G, Stables RH, Heaven D, Ingram A., Sutton R. Permanent pacemaker implantation via the femoral vein: an alternative in cases with contraindications to the pectoral approach. EP Europace. 2001; 3: 56-59.

12.    Agosti S, Brunelli C, Bertero G. Biventricular pacemaker implantation via the femoral vein. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research. 2012; 4: 289-291.

13.    Elayi CS, Allen CL, Leung S, Lusher S, Morales GX, Wiisanen M, et al. Inside-out access: a new method of lead placement for patients with central venous occlusions. Heart Rhythm. 2011; 8: 851-857.

14.    Auricchio A, Delnoy PP, Butter C, Brachmann J, Van Erven L, Spitzer S, et al. Feasibility, safety, and short-term outcome of leadless ultrasound-based endocardial left ventricular resynchronization in heart failure patients: results of the wireless stimulation endocardially for CRT (WiSE-CRT) study. Europace. 2014; 16: 681-688.

15.    Reddy VY Exner DV, Cantillon DJ, et al. Percutaneous Implantation of an Entirely Intracardiac Leadless Pacemaker. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2015; 373: 1125—1135.

16.    Worley SJ, Gohn DC, Pulliam RW, et al. Subclavian venoplasty by the implanting physicians in 373 patients over 11 years. Heart Rhythm. 2011; 8(4): 526-533.

17.    Ozyer U, Harman A, Yildirim E, Aytekin C, Karakayali F, Boyvat F. Long-term results of angioplasty and stent placement for treatment of central venous obstruction in 126 hemodialysis patients: a 10-year single-center experience. American Jounnal of Rentgenology 2009; 193(6): 1672-1679.